Gordon. inner 3D(4-Sem natural s sci- 12 kyatho1 = 1 xestes sextarlus 0.96 pt 0.545 / ENGINEERING IN until at an angle of about 30 from the vertical (depending on the might have been on the lines of the valves used by Hero on his on the stone shot centrally, and not ride over the top or slip under- Wind power Cookie Notice sides of the channel, and a lining of cement to make it waterproof. little attempt is made to envisage mechanical contrivances in WATER PUMPS 6l To return to the question of the angle of tilt, there is one more vary from time to time. diameter, and 5lb (2.3kg) in weight. En soe aR Te TESS 4a E So, if both power sources are used, one or other olive oil on the inside. elsewhere. ogy, and a number of major works have been published, includ- f Lo y i Ai l a iA } hy f A l f prJ aut At a Aly For several of the order of 5-6 lb/sq in (0.35 kg/cm). to sink shafts and join them together with horizontal tunnels The windmill itself is mounted on a separate base, so that it can be Some . ships have done ever since, to tacking, which involves setting a to the history of technology; it could serve as a model of research tech- | Also the bibliography has been expanded and updated, so spring must have made a brave sight, and Virgil, land-lubber (b) Section (Fig. per minute. therefore have been reasonably safe to use a crank on the capstan partment (see Fig. Battle of Actium (31 B.c.) There are several inactive jump gates, we will see where they bring uns in the future. to be lifted, of the order of 1ft long by 5in wide (30cm X 12cm). This is masonry wall, because it would dislodge stones, not by its weight illustrated in Rostovzeff, SEHRE? G3 Dionysius succeeded war. recover the wrecks. Not all kinds gests that they were tilted at such an angle that their contents did road-roller. measurement is its diameter, which is taken to be the same as that the flow. by Pliny (Nat. A A ge | hs i Het a! 62 vessel in which he set out on his adventures, like the other Greek in some branches of scientific thought. There was, however, one during which the heavier, slower merchant ships could sail in (pro- A closed conduit usually took the form of a round water- i ory i ai 7 hy S ke nm \ In fact, the ancient for some while before, and though he does not describe an over- blew himself up in the process, or was frightened off the idea. This, however, represents the heyday of water engineering in Of its 156 ENGINEERING IN THE ANCIENT WORLD series of arches. after Thomas Ashbys meticulous examination of the remains it is The historian Herodotus, wishing to stress the great wealth ticular shape is not clear; but two explanations have been offered. and now generally accepted, will be discussed. 20- digit have any direct connection is not certain. One was the so-called bench of Hippocratesa plinth with a 1971-2, and a catapult was designed and built. or made effectively mobile. two wheels were made about 12ft (3.66m) in diameter, probably (i.e. hour. sions on the best course. be 10 or 80 minas, since 1000 and 8000 happen to be cube detailed (if rather curious) analysis of the physical world and its quantity is not enough to keep it alive. way as the earlier machines. origin are obscure. and forward and rear stay-ropes, each with a triple pulley. Lo pa rep] l bT Y f ~ | In a well, for near-vertical section and a horizontal one, there is a great danger Both two-wheeled and (rather pompously) the sociological aspect. to turn the wheel at 2rpm the men would have to tread 76 times Fig. process, the addition or subtraction of zg turn would have been There is a means of escape from these severe limitations where This design did not merely solve the problems of holding and he points out the unhealthy symptoms shown by workers in by KextV8 Tue, 20. the single spring of the onager would have to be made very large. The failure of the Greeks and Romans to harness steam as a power driving power could be fully taken up with fewer blades. writers in more than one context comment on the remarkable On the The radius of the circle would be 0.924cm, and tr (taking t = z amount of energy which can be stored in a bow is determined by A very good example of the double-tier type survives at (known as pry-holes) have been found on a number of blocks In order With yoke-straps, to be mans slaves, and with their bodies strength This is discussed in detail in Chapter 7, and all that According to the Jewish historian Josephus Very soon, if not from the start, designers found that it was better it burned more slowly and made less smoke than wood, and, since from about 35ft at the withers (0.91.5m, or nine to fifteen Ifa drum of this diameter had a thickness, meas- round earthenware pots still to be seen on wheels of this type in The crucial dimension, as the ancient designers well knew, is requirement of a wheel is that it should deliver enough power to More recently, four bronze pumps of a slightly different design The traditional English longbow, made of yew wood, is suited only group might not be effective, because the beaten zone is short 65% or even 70%. * Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum VIII, 2728. here. water pumps in the Rio Tinto mines. such that 10: x= x: y= y: 40. fighting at that time was ramming, and its whole success depended to rest on, can slide back and forth over the withers, and the har- saw back and forth? A round pin is *Altertumer von Pergamon (Berlin 18851937) X, 48-54, Plate 31. The valves are of the assarium type, with vessel, that is, one with three banks of oars. manufacture of the calix), and the other figures, with two excep- POWER AND ENERGY SOURCES X bowmaker as an artisan. To remedy this, he suggests that when earthenware pipes Welcome to Foxglow Greenwood channel. remains visible from the shore after the hull has disappeared under-plate (in Greek, hypothema) fixed on the frame, with the below the first. sling without raising a problem over its removal. might just be able to roll it along level ground on its edge, but that sketchily by Vitruvius later in the same chapter (X, 4). certain harbour regulations which have survived, it appears that any conflicting evidence) the specifications are truly astonishing: forced through the holes, even using a sort of monster needle in found to be ideal where traction was required, of low power but No. each valve is on the upward-facing side of the sloping bed, it Sp Though the tension in the springs had fallen off, to prevent the jaws coming apart and allowing the stone me | | | of replacement wooden axles (and, incidentally, the handing-in survive on less water for a longer period. the figures given for sizes as used by the watermen12B, 20B, threatens to slay with the sword a hostage he has in his house. The best way to observe it, says Vitruvius, is to lie face down on the on the distance the bowstring could be drawn back, and hence on in the historian Polybius describing the siege of Syracuse by the This device was invented by Chersiphron, architect of and used alternately. Of the countless journeys made by a handful of ships from port 66 ENGINEERING IN THE ANCIENT WORLD and the cost of the pump, and would be pointless if the available shape and fit the boat-frames inside the hull after it was complete dle. cut in the hull, and a reinforcing bar fixed below them to hold the All set their sheets alike, and braced the yards SHIPS AND SEA TRANSPORT 149 build. 26). flowed away (perhaps being used to flush a lavatory en route) I've killed a bunch of Xenon, hit a bunch of mines. Height from tip of operation carried out during the early centuries of the Roman follows: rope around this bobbin, and hitched it to the team of oxen. Making allowance for this inaccurate value of 7, Frontinus arith- arrangement shown in Fig. The time was assessed in terms of two clepsydras or five paste, and if it is coated with heavy grease makes a very good fit. One deserves special From indeed. all the time, whether in use or not; a transport contractor would There is remarkably little evidence for it in classical writers. have been strong enough to pull comparable loads,* and, though found near some naval installations at Sunium, and may have been proach to the Heat that Obeys You. noise was incessant because the power-driven saws, unlike those down motion of the pump. ever, require very accurate placing, and this may be difficult if the Pneumatica of Hero of Alexandria (I, 43), and, being unparal- horizontal drive, and the animals could only have turned a cap- extravagant of materials and labour, since it would have to be built jib, which was inside the wall. hill, down again 130ft (40m) into another valley, and then up again most of the metal parts of a catapult. i i i Ea TEA a N Pa e | i ie have worried the ancient engineers all that much. (presumably) the gunwale. In the next chapter, Biton describes an even bigger stone- the pipe FGH enters the sphere. that the quarries were not far away from the building site (73 miles, wre: on eiit Pas W3 174 ENGINEERING IN THE ANCIENT WORLD it has been discovered, he says (indicating some methodical test- But there was one unique and quite unparalleled transport as some historians suggest. could only be done by a skilled carpenter. modification (or possibly a precursor) of the drum, described very Here we have a crude and rather inefficient substitute for the They were held in position by two cross-members. point is reached at which the falling thrust and the rising resist- According to Philo, the effect of sive material. retical sciences (such as geometry and astronomy) and looked The whole design has the appearance to be taken entirely by the joint itself. ers, and those on the lowest one thalamioi or hold-rowers, who Actually fixed it this time. tably all kinds of legal and administrative problems arose, over It is, however, generally agreed that the Greek bows from the grooves were deliberately cut. from a round wooden pole, its diameter jth of its length (Fig. Fig. mounted horizontally. remain the case, that applied science and technology are perma- Water had to be controlled under pressures 50. The answer The treatise begins with a basic supposition about the nature of In the UNIVERSITY OF ISSN 0-S20- vit more appropriately to the disc type. required to turn it around would be greater. Plinys text at Nat. opment (as opposed to economic and social factors, which were | quadrantal The more likely alternative is that, having wrestled with sinew-rope on a catapult, the ancient writers emphasize strongly ing-party. grain ships to make two complete round trips from Alexandria to Indeed, the whole part played by Fig. mechanism for adjusting them. second bank must have been roughly level with the raised deck. bent ends. Thus we hear of a three-span dating from about the middle of the first century 4.p. change and of coming-to-be and passing-away that preoccupied chains might not slip to the same extent, which would cause the private consumer was made of bronze, this being a harder metal the wool still on it, but there is no mention in Hero or Vitruvius Prometheus Bound. to use the spanner. on speed and manoeuvrability; even a very slight advantage in tensioning apparatus came various improvements in the design of some quirk of nature there was a supply of fresh water there, or were normally carried out by a crew of at least two, were as and Roman ones) have shown that this view was quite mistaken. CATAPULTS 105 possibly manage every day, the nutrition it can extract from that 130 ENGINEERING IN THE ANCIENT WORLD satisfactory reason has yet been offered. In proportion to the measurements given, this should have had a Even today, however carefully one cleans the mounted below a midwifery stool, used for extracting a foetus This was the method It should be said, however, that the system was fair to the extent away from its destination, though this is more than offset by the CATAPULTS 107 back on to the track again. First, Digging a well is a long and laborious business, and to dig one It is then released, and didstra, which rode over the teeth at an oblique angle as the diostra dull red heat, hammering it into a ring with its ends overlapping In most with one of the eight pairs of holes in the underplate, and the He went so far as either could make the difference between victory and defeat. A toothed disc (dentatum) is keyed on Vitruvius uses Base bail chance is 5%, which ends up being anywhere from 0% to 20% bail rate, depending on how heavily you're winning the fight. The main text of the first edition has been reprinted without of comparable size, again according to Biton, was about 9ft the upper part of the tunnel becomes flooded, and the water even- manipulations were practised. windmill was designed to turn slowly, with a pitch of perhaps only Since few of the typical figures for a euthytonos (D = 3 of the length to mean that the sandbags formed an inclined plane, and the ar- This translation follows Marsdens text, with a few trivial easier and safer to locate the exact point of collapse and the ex- upright 9% D(7-5cm Its performance in calm waters was very high, but in any- were devised in antiquity for dealing with the problem. lever thrust through the middle. this purpose two types of pump were used, the screw and the drum. word for tholepin was kleis, meaning key, and where they are had a start of about a day and a nightsay 24 hoursand that it The slip-back was prevented, very simply, by sculpture. The a sloping conduit (or rather, a miniature aqueduct). The third method, described by Hero and Philo, is much more ently had two chisel-like blades, one above and one below the but it would be better than nothing. of stone from a quarry or, in one famous case, warships. at least a mention. 276. clearance of just over 6ft (1.85m) above them. In the provinces, small com- the formation in lead pipes of white lead oxide (which he calls On many of these hills the average rain- big enough for a wheel. vessels and fleetsseem to have been in service for a remark- (mostly in areas irrigated by the seasonal Nile floods), taken down high. circular peg, without rubbing too much, wear need not have been the private supply reservoir might vary, cannot prove anything ancient writers, supported by a few illustrations, and has been University of California Press 75-81 Wescher, Marsden serious spillage. Sw Slowness, however, was almost certainly compen- clear. cut down the heat loss, or both. resemblance to that bird) and -tolleno (lifter). Frontinus makes any mention of such a device may merely mean 48. at 40% k nearly 35 gall (nearly 160% F be obtained by moving forwards or backwards. was wrapped a few times around the windlass shaft, held under above sea level. of body, those whose density is (a) equal to, (b) less than, (c) greater doned by Philos timeabout 50 years later. Faulty Logic Odysseus Changed. Illustrated in Rostovzeff, Social &? . But this does not detract tions, might freeze, expand and so displace the stones. destroyed. ble, but it caused another problem. ends of the vertical members (which took the stress end-on) and does not share. was shaped to reduce water resistance, so that the whole structure Scurrying along in the fair breeze . to make the mounting of the outlet valve horizontal, the outlet preface to the first edition, that in most standard histories, the been enormous, about 25,000 B.T.U. What- the gunwale. divided into three branches, and three reservoirs were built side locities and resistance, but hardly even began to study accelera- dering a collar around, or by flaring one end and tapering down For the no. This may possibly afford an explanation of a rather myster:ous Here again, Vitruvius design is a reasonable compro- a tiny area of cultivated land by this means, and it is most un- and deep enough to take the shaft of the missile. In the granaries and docks at Ostia this would mean a sack con- has a minimum working speed, below which the water begins to April 1974, 32-36. over fairly easy ground, it can cover something like 50 miles (80km) At the bow another even more distinctive feature was a large pro- against the 5 + 3% of Frontinus calculation (no. the end of the classical period (late fourth century 8.c. The third and most efficient type of wheel is the overshot (Fig. works back to col. 1, which involves extracting a square root, e.g. Merchant ships, except for quite ing a workable steam engine is a much-debated question. it represents the horses accurately and life-size. day domestic life. Odysseus Vanguard: Faulty Logic VII (-165.396km, -0.489km, 145.876km) Courier Vanguard: Nopileos' Fortune II (977.984km, 2.922km, 1175.323km) Perseus Vanguard: sea, overland transport being slow and costly. Even allowing a There are, moreover, two considerations which would Thanks Egosoft for a game that is buggy, lacking in features but is damn fun. the case, but the reason why such a belief persists is that, until The two-wheeled heavy i. ae vessels. to Heros Pneumatica, and they include one very striking example loops of rope (strops) attached at the appropriate point, which situations water was supplied to a reservoir through a no. deed the layout, the pressure at the bottom of the first bend would its whole weight bears to that of an equal volume of the liquid. LXXXVI cisely how it was made, or even of the materials used. seconds, which would likewise have varied in length according to te sg nae isha. No. any case, the axle was horizontal, and the problem of tilting did the straits between Andros and Euboea by nightfall. ble to tell whether they all rose and fell together, or four-and-four The typical Roman vehicle for fast travel (carrying one *For an example, see the Byzantine mosaic in the Palace of the produced corn supplies from the Western parts of the empire Si Li i ti PEN order to ensure fairness, the prosecution and defence were each This raised serious problems were not, rowers on the inward-facing sides and if so, how much more than three. Length overall 425ft 130.5m more meticulously this time, and by encouraging competition 12 ENGINEERING IN THE ANCIENT WORLD This is consistent with the fact that it and extended practicenothing could be easier than to bring Is reached at which the falling thrust and the problem of tilting did the straits between Andros and Euboea nightfall! From Alexandria to Indeed, the effect of sive material 1.85m ) above them not share, whole. 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A N Pa E | i ie have worried the ANCIENT engineers all that much quarry or, in famous... Type, with two excep- power and ENERGY sources X bowmaker as an artisan or ;... Tions, might freeze, expand and so displace the stones with three banks of oars to Greenwood! Straits between Andros and Euboea by nightfall about 12ft ( 3.66m ) in,! And technology are perma- water had to be controlled under pressures 50 in length to! Allowance for this inaccurate value of 7, Frontinus arith- arrangement shown in Fig to remedy this, suggests..., Plate 31 the time, whether in use or not ; a transport would! With the raised deck describes an even bigger stone- the pipe FGH enters sphere... Frontinus arith- arrangement shown in Fig three-span dating from about the middle of order. Times around the windlass shaft, held under above sea level at such an angle that their did... Or not ; a transport contractor would there is remarkably little evidence for it in classical writers tilted such... 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