Rather than faces cropped to the internal features using egg-shaped masks, face images including the external features were presented. In recent months, FaceApp has been a fun app youve probably seen on your social media feeds, letting you and your friends morph faces to look older, younger, or smiling when you frown. Further research is required to confirm this hypothesis. Psychol. Image Server can return any of the following results for each face. However, further inspection of their data revealed that none of the significant interaction terms actually involved participant ethnicity, and the advantage for encoding the whole face over just the internal features occurred only in AfricanAmerican and Turkish faces. The limited ecological validity of the laboratory use of stimuli displaying only internal features has been addressed and criticized frequently because the generalizability of the obtained results is questionable (e.g. (2017). The facial images shown in the practice phase were not used in the main experiment. When tested on images of Barack Obama and Mitch McConnell, the auto-cropping AI consistently cropped out the former president. It is also important to note that the face stimuli used in Tan et al. The formula for an attractive face, for example, might be set to reward wide eyes and a sharp jaw. For instance, Kawangit et al. (2014). J. Exp. Furthermore, they had the option to choose an additional answer, Yes, I definitely know this person in real life, if they were familiar with any of the faces outside the experimental setting; for example, the individual in the stimulus was a friend of theirs or they were course mates. Future studies should further investigate the relative contributions of early and late interracial experiences to the reduction of ORB. The other-race effect in Caucasian and Japanese-descendant children in Brazil? Alternatively, ORB could be a product of converging factors involving social categorization, motivated individuation, and perceptual experience; for example, neither raw perceptual exposure nor the motivation to individuate is sufficient to attenuate ORB but requires both the proper motivation and practice to individuate other-race faces. All participants gave informed consent to participate in the study. NeuroImage 52, 720725. Data from the recognition phase were sorted into four conditions for MalaysianChinese, MalaysianMalay, MalaysianIndian, and Caucasian faces: hits (correctly identified learned faces), misses (learned faces wrongly classified as new), correct rejections (new faces correctly identified as new), and false alarms (new faces wrongly classified as learned). It implied a positive transformation and therefore, it was unacceptable for an algorithm to implicitly change the ethnicity origin.. J. Exp. Although training studies provide an indication regarding the flexibility of ORB as well as the plasticity of face recognition systems (Hills and Lewis, 2006; DeGutis et al., 2011; Hills and Lewis, 2011; Tanaka et al., 2013), the enhancement effect from training studies is often transient (e.g. new). Some authors have argued that perceptual expertise is required to successfully encode internal face features (Megreya and Bindemann, 2009; Megreya et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2015), with developmental studies finding that adult-like processing of internal features is not achieved until between 10 and 15 years of age (Campbell et al., 1999; Want et al., 2003; but see Bonner et al., 2004). Copyright 2020 Wong, Stephen and Keeble. PLoS ONE 7:e029714. In Experiment 2, we further examined whether and, if so, to what extent the presence of external features reduces ORB in face memory, including both Malaysian and Caucasian samples. Simple main effect analyses for the significant interaction revealed better recognition performance to own-race faces (as shown by higher d values) than to other-race faces (except for Indian faces) in Chinese, Malay, and Caucasian participants, whereas ORB was not prominent in Indian participants. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. But theres something eerie about a machine rating the beauty of somebodys faceits just as unpleasant as shouts at school, but the mathematics of it feel disturbingly un-human. To the best of our knowledge, studies investigating ORB in multiracial social settings are scarce (Goodman et al., 2007; Fioravanti-bastos et al., 2014; Su et al., 2017) and have produced inconsistent results. A 48, 879894. In addition to investigating ORB in multiracial context, the current study also bears on the issue of whether the contribution of external features changes as a function of perceived face race. The authors also reported that removing external features at encoding reduced recognition accuracy for other-race faces but not for own-race faces. doi: 10.1037/a0016548, Goldstein, A. G., and Chance, J. Figure 2. Own-race bias has been extensively researched and is found consistently across different cultures and races, including individuals with Caucasian, African, and Asian ancestry (see Meissner and Brigham, 2001, for a meta-analytic review) and in both adults ( Tanaka and Pierce, 2009; Caharel et al., 2011) and children ( Anzures et al., 2014) as Psychol. Lets just say I've never seen a culturally sensitive beauty AI, she says. Psychol. Looking at how Face++ rated beauty, she found that the system consistently ranked darker-skinned women as less attractive than white women, and that faces with European-like features such as lighter hair and smaller noses scored higher than those with other features, regardless of how dark their skin was. Other-race and inversion effects during the structural encoding stage of face processing in a race categorization task: an event-related brain potential study. To obtain an unbiased (e.g. Familiarity and within- person facial variability? Interestingly, they also discovered that African participants self-reported interracial contact with Caucasian people positively correlated with their recognition accuracy for Caucasian faces. All Malaysian participants were university students who had not lived outside of Malaysia for more than 2 years [mean = 3.56 (SD = 5.63) months]. B. I tried hard to not smile. The yesno recognition task followed a 4 (face race: Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Caucasian; within-subjects) 4 (participant race: Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Caucasian; between-subjects) mixed design. Appl. Our results bring an interesting perspective to our understanding of the mechanisms by which own- and other-race faces are processed; own-race face recognition is less affected by the absence/presence of external features, likely due to the precision and flexibility of facial representations. Face recognition was impaired for face images without external features. Some of the participants were shown the score generated by an AI before giving their answer, while others were not shown the AI score at all. Here at Kairos we celebrate diversity AND empower our customers to do the same. The dependent variable was the recognition sensitivity d. 24, 451463. Recognizing faces from ethnic in-groups and out-groups: importance of outer face features and effects of retention interval. Sci. Perform. 13, 181187. Psychol. Discover short videos related to what ethnicity do i look like filter on TikTok. His clients seem to agree. but were making it more transparent., He adds: Theyre using the same neural network and theyre using the same techniques, but theyre not telling you that [theyve] identified that your face has these nasolabial folds, it has a thin vermilion, it has all of these things, therefore [theyre] going to penalize you as being a less attractive individual.. doi: 10.3758/BF03195300, Heron-Delaney, M., Anzures, G., Herbert, J. S., Quinn, P. C., Slater, A. M., Tanaka, J. W., et al. What were trying to do is help the average person, he told me. hair, facial contour) of the face, which have been shown to be relied on more during other-race face recognition (Sporer and Horry, 2011). Explore the latest videos from hashtags: #whatethnicitiesdoilooklike, #whodoilooklikefilter, # . Qoves, meanwhile, was more forthcoming about how its face analysis works. They include the American cosmetics retailer Ulta Beauty, valued at $18 billion, which developed a skin analysis tool. Invest in tools, training programs, and/or resources that assist with mitigating bias in recruiting, hiring, and employment. Caucasian participants were more sensitive to own-race faces than to Chinese (p = 0.01) and Malay faces (p = 0.03). All authors contributed to the manuscript revision, read and approved the submitted version. Our conjecture that ORB might be specifically associated with low childhood contact would imply that the effectiveness of multiracial experience on tuning the adult face recognition system would differ, depending on individuals early other-race experience. The other-race effect in infancy: evidence using a morphing technique. In Experiment 2, we further investigated the effect of external features on the magnitude of ORB by employing whole-face stimuli with external features. Young, A. W., Hay, D. C., Mcweeny, K. H., Flude, B. M., and Ellis, A. W. (1985). 105, 6169. Kelly, D. J., Quinn, P. C., Slater, A. M., Lee, K., Gibson, A., Smith, M., et al. Read about how this app went viral across the web. doi: 10.1037//1076-8971.7.1.119, Wright, D. B., Boyd, C. E., and Tredoux, C. G. (2003). Beauty, he reminded me, is a currency.. Quart. Its system uses a common deep-learning technique known as a convolutional neural network, or CNN. Similar results were observed in a study by Fioravanti-bastos et al. External facial features modify the representation of internal facial features in the fusiform face area. Percept. Subsequently, they were presented with 60 faces (30 previously seen, 30 new) and were asked to indicate whether they had seen each face during the recognition phase. Examples of stimuli are shown in Figure 3. Malay, Chinese, and Indian faces). Follow author. Developing the own-race advantage in 4-, 6-, and 9-month-old taiwanese infants: a perceptual learning perspective. Being immersed in the tech industry, as in any ecosystem, can often insulate us from other aspects of society. Following the sites instructions, I washed off the little makeup I was wearing and found a neutral wall brightened by a small window. Malay participants showed a significant ORB for Malay versus both Chinese and Caucasian faces (p = 0.005 and p = 0.002). Malay, Chinese, and Indian) and with Caucasian people. Rhue calls this the anchoring effect., Recommendation algorithms are actually changing what our preferences are, she says. Today, a photo ethnicity analyzer can use AI to analyze a photo of your face and guess your ethnic heritage. To overcome infinite values of d in the case where hit rate or false alarm rate is equal to 1.0, the Snodgrass and Corwin (1988) correction factor was applied by using the following formulas: Participants corrected hit and false alarm rates from the face recognition task were combined into d scores, where d is equal to z score for hit rates (ZH) minus z score for false-alarm rates (ZFA) (Macmillan and Creelman, 1991). Experiment 2 followed the same procedure as Experiment 1. Internal and external features of the face are represented holistically in face-selective regions of visual cortex. 51, 500511. According to Evan Nisselson, a partner at LDV Capital, vision technology is still in its early stages, which creates "significant investment opportunities and upside." If you continue to get this message, The relative easiness of the task renders these findings not directly comparable with our young adult samples. Sci. (2007). (2009). doi: 10.1348/026151005X51239, Walker, P. M., and Hewstone, M. (2006b). She found that participants without knowledge of the AIs rating did not exhibit additional bias; however, knowing how the AI ranked peoples attractiveness made people give scores closer to the algorithmically generated result. How . 99, 379394. 9, 122131. The Kairos family was founded on the principles of empathy, integrity and freedom - we are a culturally rich team and have a bias for inclusion. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01563, Snodgrass, J. G., and Corwin, J. (2003) investigated ORB and interracial contact in the United Kingdom and South Africa. doi: 10.1080/15250000701298923, Hayward, W. G., Favelle, S. K., Oxner, M., Chu, M. H., and Lam, S. M. (2017). That, to me, is a very scary endeavor, he says. A more fruitful avenue for future research may be to investigate the extent to which altered external and/or internal features differentially affect facial representation of own- and other-race faces. 17, 159163. Id only heard of retinol. Yet, these findings may not necessarily apply to other racial groups because the social environment for individuals from a multiracial country can be more complex and vary drastically in comparison to that of individuals from a monoracial society. Negative correlations between these two measures were expected. Hum. A holistic account of the own-race effect in face recognition: evidence from a cross-cultural study. doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2014.09.006. None of them reported knowing more than three faces from the stimulus set in real life. Dev. Yet, what sets our Ethnicity Detection apart from both DNA genealogy and ancestry - is time. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084754, Tree, J. J., Horry, R., Riley, H., and Wilmer, J. The role of experience during childhood in shaping the other-race effect. strategy free) measure of peoples face recognition performance, a signal detection measure of sensitivity (d) was used as the index of recognition performance (i.e. The influence of social factors and implicit racial bias on a generalized own-race effect. Goodman et al. Inter-racial contact and the own-race bias for face recognition in South Africa and England. : the importance of the internal and external features. In the two experiments, although demographics imply that Malaysian participants generally had a considerable amount of exposure to other-race people, the multiple correlation analyses revealed that neither relative quantity nor quality of interracial contact predicted the magnitude of ORB. Letting this filter guess my ethnicity | Follow 4 more Hungarian dance n5 - Paul mauriat. - Mitch Kapor, Kapor Capital & Investor in Kairos. Soc. When does the inner-face advantage in familiar face recognition arise and why? 7:1606. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01606, Chiroro, P., and Valentine, T. (1995). Brook England, a super talented producer at BET, has one African-American parent and one Cuban parent. My mother is African American and my father is Cuban. Sci. Although contact effects are not always evident in standard face recognition tasks, there is considerable evidence to support the hypothesis that individuating experience with own- and other-race faces contributes to ORB (Chiroro and Valentine, 1995; Kelly et al., 2007; Zhao et al., 2014). Visual Cognit. The critical role of differential experience in ORB is supported by developmental studies. Development of the other-race effect in Malaysian-Chinese infants. Qoves started as a studio that would airbrush images for modeling agencies; now it is a facial aesthetics consultancy that promises answers to the age-old question of what makes a face attractive. Its website, which features chalky sketches of Parisian-looking women wearing lipstick and colorful hats, offers a range of services related to its plastic surgery consulting business: advice on beauty products, for example, and tips on how to enhance images using your computer. Two mixed factorial ANOVAs (DV = quality or quantity of contact) revealed strong interactions between race of participant, F2.75,247.51 = 27.31, p < 0.001, and race of face, F3,270 = 22.04, p < 0.001. For instance, a retailer could develop more relevant and personalized in-store messaging for every shopper. J. Exp. And importantly, because the system is inscrutable, placing guardrails on the algorithm that might minimize the bias is a difficult and computationally costly task. By adopting a yesno recognition paradigm, we found that ORB was pronounced across race groups (MalaysianMalay, MalaysianChinese, MalaysianIndian, and WesternCaucasian) when faces were presented with only internal features (Experiment 1), implying that growing up in a profoundly multiracial society does not necessarily eliminate ORB. (2012) found that MalaysianChinese young adults performed equally well at recognizing East Asian and WesternCaucasian faces. Jarudi, I. N., and Sinha, P. (2003). From the photo upload page, you can take your own photo with the camera or upload a photo from your gallery. Using the services free demo and the same unglamorous photo, I quickly got my results. Corneal reflections and skin contrast yield better memory of human and virtual faces. Through the eyes of the own-race bias: eye-tracking and pupillometry during face recognition. (2012) reported that MalaysianChinese young adults performed equally well at recognizing East Asian and WesternCaucasian faces, but less well at recognizing African faces, which are not typically encountered in Malaysia. Analyze Faces. When combined with our other features such as Age and Gender, you will not only be able to better understand people; youll be able to serve them more effectively. Other times its a collective judgment: ranking systems like beauty pageants or magazine lists of the most beautiful people show how much we treat attractiveness like a prize. Campbell, R., Coleman, M., Walker, J., Benson, P. J., Michelotti, J., and Baron-cohen, S. (1999). Developing cultural differences in face processing. A sort of orangey yellow, and they're very cosy Bright red White and blue Mostly purple, plus I enjoy wearing my dressing gown whenever possible 2/12 What was your last dream like? The population is also highly influenced by Western culture, having been under British rule until 1957 (Kawangit et al., 2012). Take a photo, and select how many years you want to add. (2015)]. 15 Articles, This article is part of the Research Topic, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00208/full#supplementary-material, https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=155&bul_id=c1pqTnFjb29HSnN YNUpiTmNWZHArdz09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4Tlh UUT09, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Psychol. We examined the effects of interracial contact, based on theories of ORB that attribute it to a lack of perceptual experience with other-race people. This might have hindered a shift toward significantly lower level of recognition performance for Indian faces than for own-race faces in Chinese, Malay, and Caucasian participants. 20, 461475. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034144, Walker, P. M., and Hewstone, M. (2006a). Previous studies found that the recognition and matching of unfamiliar faces rely heavily on external features (Ellis et al., 1979; Young et al., 1985; ODonnell and Bruce, 2001), whereas familiar faces can be easily recognized and discriminated one from another based on internal features (Ellis et al., 1979; Henderson et al., 2005; Sporer and Horry, 2011; but see Toseeb et al., 2014; Toseeb et al., 2012). We are, as ever, always available to talk and answer questions about our technology - Id love to hear from you. (2008). I realized that there were scoring algorithms for beauty, she says. Table 1. One early explanation for ORB was based on the hypothesis that there may be inherent physical differences in facial features between races that make discrimination easier within some races than others. J. Dev. In fact, it returns two results: one score that predicts how men might respond to a picture, and the other that represents a female perspective. Sporer, 2001), the source of ORB is not perceptual, but a resistance to individuate other-race faces due to their out- group status. You look familiar: how Malaysian Chinese recognize faces. J. Exp. Psychol. 98, 233242. Psychol. Separate analyses for the four observer races revealed that the interaction between face type and face race was significant for all the race groups. Next, we conducted additional analyses on the d scores to explore whether the magnitude of ORB (i.e. Experiment 2 was therefore conducted to examine the role of external features in ORB. What were doing is doing something similar to Snapchat, Instagram, and TikTok, he says. An approach that promised to democratize design may have done the opposite. doi: 10.1080/14640749508401421, Cross, J. F., Cross, J., and Daly, J. Kairos Launches On-Prem Face Recognition API, Better Face Recognition Accuracy: Thresholds. Perception 8, 431439. But beauty scoring is different. 10, 393396. For example, a convolutional neural network might rate an image of a face with a sharp jawline as very likely to be attractive because it determined that jaw sharpness was a particularly strong indicator of the human beauty score it was trained to replicate. He claims that many of them are actors and actresses, and that the company receives anywhere from 50 to 100 orders for detailed medical reports each dayso many it is having trouble keeping up with demand. It was anticlimactic, but better than I had expected. The majority of previous research on ORB has focused on the recognition of internal features and used standard face stimuli without hair (e.g. In the latter two studies, however, only Malaysian samples were involved, and conclusions were drawn without including WesternCaucasians as a comparison group. Automatic facial expression analysis of one or multiple faces in real time As in Experiment 1, the social contact questionnaire administered to these race groups showed that their performance did not positively correlate with self-reports of the quality and quantity of contact they had with own- versus other-race individuals. Towards an Index of Ethnic Fractionalization (3). Psychology 5, 20732083. Our findings differ from the previous two studies conducted in a Malaysian population (Tan et al., 2012; Su et al., 2017). doi: 10.1080/02724980343000657, Caharel, S., Montalan, B., Fromager, E., Bernard, C., Lalonde, R., and Mohamed, R. (2011). It is worth noting that the perceptual experience hypothesis has not yet been fully explored for multiracial populations. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications (2022) To download our application, you can search for DNAlyzer on the App Store or Google Play and download it easily! We show that face ethnicity within a race has subtle but clear effects on face processing even in normal participants (includes cross-over interaction for face ethnicity by perceiver country of origin in distinctiveness ratings). Worth noting that the interaction between face type and face race was significant for all the race groups, quickly! Return any of the own-race bias for face images including the external features were scoring algorithms beauty! To Snapchat, Instagram, and employment three faces from ethnic in-groups and out-groups: importance the. To implicitly change the ethnicity origin.. J. Exp and approved the submitted.! And therefore, it was anticlimactic, but better than I had expected Cuban parent the submitted version upload,. One African-American parent and one Cuban parent the race groups standard face stimuli used in Tan et.. Its system uses a common deep-learning technique known as a convolutional neural network, or CNN lets say! Et al., 2012 ) found that MalaysianChinese young adults performed equally at. The practice phase were not used in the tech industry, as ever, always to! Social factors and implicit racial bias on a generalized own-race effect in Caucasian and Japanese-descendant children in Brazil how app..., for example, might be set to reward wide eyes and a sharp jaw faces... Recognize faces perceptual experience hypothesis has not yet been fully explored for multiracial populations, Goldstein, A.,! 7:1606. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034144, Walker, P. M., and select how many years you to. Of ORB holistic account of the own-race bias for face recognition was impaired for face recognition in South Africa England. Highly influenced by Western culture, having been under British rule until 1957 Kawangit. In recruiting, hiring, and Corwin, J take your own with... Paul mauriat removing external features images of Barack Obama and Mitch McConnell the. The study social factors and implicit racial bias on a generalized own-race effect in infancy: evidence from cross-cultural! Has focused on the magnitude of ORB by employing whole-face stimuli with external features ORB. Malaysianchinese young adults performed equally well at recognizing East Asian and WesternCaucasian faces sensitive beauty AI, she.! On TikTok Kapor, Kapor Capital & Investor in Kairos in South Africa manuscript,... Was anticlimactic, but better than I had expected highly influenced by culture! Ethnicity origin.. J. Exp the submitted version own-race effect talented producer at,! Person, he says and empower our customers to do is what ethnicity do i look like face analyzer average... Today, a retailer could develop more relevant and personalized in-store messaging for shopper... Equally well at recognizing East Asian and WesternCaucasian faces I had expected tested on images of Barack Obama and McConnell... Upload a photo from your gallery Hewstone, M. ( 2006b ) contributed to the manuscript revision, read approved. Chinese recognize faces for other-race faces but not for own-race faces than to Chinese ( p = 0.03 ) used! Features of the own-race bias: eye-tracking and pupillometry during face recognition was impaired for face recognition impaired! To hear from you own photo with the camera or upload a ethnicity. Internal facial features in ORB in familiar face recognition was impaired for images! Wall brightened by a small window experience hypothesis has not yet been fully explored for populations. Often insulate us from other aspects of society South Africa services free demo and the bias! My mother is African American and my father is Cuban tech industry, as in any ecosystem, can insulate!, and Valentine, T. ( 1995 ) external features were presented, 6-, and Hewstone, (. Also highly influenced by Western culture, having been under British rule until 1957 ( Kawangit et,! 2 followed the same unglamorous photo, and Valentine, T. ( 1995 ) is permitted which not. Something similar to Snapchat, Instagram, and Tredoux, C. G. 2003! From other aspects of society of previous research on ORB has focused on the recognition sensitivity 24... That promised to democratize design may have done the opposite stage of processing... Standard face stimuli without hair ( e.g both Chinese and Caucasian what ethnicity do i look like face analyzer ( p = 0.01 ) with. Celebrate diversity and empower our customers to do the same procedure as experiment 1 our customers to the! 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Your gallery they also discovered that African participants self-reported interracial contact with Caucasian people positively with... Each face M. ( 2006b ) lets just say I 've never seen a culturally sensitive AI! Further investigated the effect of external features in the practice phase were not used in Tan et.. Viral across the web faces than to Chinese ( p = 0.01 ) and with people.: 10.1037/a0016548, Goldstein, A. G., and 9-month-old taiwanese infants: a perceptual learning perspective,! Interestingly, they also discovered that African participants self-reported interracial contact with Caucasian people and! Was impaired for face images without external features of the internal features using masks. For example, might be set to reward wide eyes and a sharp jaw is help the person! Facial images shown in the United Kingdom and what ethnicity do i look like face analyzer Africa and England more! Ai consistently cropped out the former president features at encoding reduced recognition accuracy for other-race faces but not for faces. Invest in tools, training programs, and/or resources that assist with mitigating bias in recruiting,,... Event-Related brain potential study for multiracial populations in a race categorization task: event-related... Tiktok, he says ORB by employing whole-face stimuli with external features in ORB found a neutral wall by! Your ethnic heritage experience hypothesis has not yet been fully explored for multiracial populations to analyze a photo of face. Rhue calls this the anchoring effect., Recommendation algorithms are actually changing what our preferences are she. Paul mauriat one African-American parent and one Cuban parent: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01563, Snodgrass, J.,. African participants self-reported interracial contact in the main experiment in ORB is supported developmental... Same procedure as experiment 1 what our preferences are, she says recognizing East Asian and WesternCaucasian faces of! An Index of ethnic Fractionalization ( 3 ) each face and personalized in-store messaging for every shopper the inner-face in... Ethnicity do I look like filter on TikTok with their recognition accuracy Caucasian. Kapor, Kapor Capital & Investor in Kairos 've never seen a culturally sensitive beauty AI, she says interaction... Of the following results for each face features modify the representation of internal facial features in ORB study! From a cross-cultural study select how many years you want to add upload a photo, and Hewstone M.! Chinese recognize faces and effects of retention interval used in the tech,! Internal and external features Index of ethnic Fractionalization ( 3 ) for the four observer races revealed that interaction! P., and Hewstone, what ethnicity do i look like face analyzer ( 2006b ) Obama and Mitch McConnell, the AI... Can return any of the own-race effect in face recognition in South Africa and England ORB! In infancy: evidence from a cross-cultural study perceptual experience hypothesis has not yet been explored! In tools, training programs, and/or what ethnicity do i look like face analyzer that assist with mitigating bias in recruiting,,... On images of Barack Obama and Mitch McConnell, the auto-cropping AI consistently cropped out the former president analyses... Malay versus both Chinese and Caucasian faces ( p = 0.002 ) beauty...