Join 51,000+ happy teachers and students who use our teaching worksheets and resources every day. Many people turned to farming, and grew the food themselves, like fruits, vegetables, cattle, chickens, sheep, and hogs. Some shelters were little more than holes in the ground covered with tin or cardboard. They were named after Herbert Hoover, who was President of the United States during the onset of the Depression and was widely blamed for it. The Seattle City Council decided to close Hooverville in May 1941, despite the increased reliance on it for shelter. Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. Many other names were coined by Democrats based on his opinion, including Hoover blanket, flag, leather, and wagon. (2021, December 6). The decision led to the establishment of the Shack Elimination Committee by the City Council. Unemployed masons used cast-off stone and bricks and in some cases built structures that stood 20 feet high. It helped me pass my exam and the test questions are very similar to the practice quizzes on Study.com. Petition for community bath houses in Hooverville (May 15, 1935)
Most of them did not find work. 'Hooverville' was the nickname for any variety of makeshift shelters for homeless people, mostly victims of the Great Depression from 1929 to 1941. By 1932, between one and two million American people were homeless. "Hoovervilles" were hundreds of crude campgrounds built across the United States by poverty stricken people who had lost their homes because of the Great Depression of the 1930s. Even when Hoovervilles were raided by order of parks departments or other authorities, the men who carried out the raids often expressed regret and guilt for their actions. Roy lived in the Hooverville in spring 1934 while conducting this survey which became his 1935 MA thesis. During the Great Depression, which began in 1929 and lasted about a decade, shantytowns appeared across America as unemployed people were evicted from their homes. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. Many people would can their food so that it would last longer. Many of us spend a great deal of time imagining what we'd do if we had a lot of money--if we won the lottery, for example. Advertisement. Divided into distinct sectors, the racially integrated and cohesive encampment was home to as many as 8,000 destitute people. "Hooverville" became a common term for shacktowns and homeless encampments during the Great Depression. The camps, dubbed Hoovervilles after Republican President Hoover, often sprang up near charity operated soup kitchens and rivers for drinking water and limited sanitary needs. [3] Men, women and children alike lived in Hoovervilles. In 1933, it was 25%, with 1 out of every 4 people out of work. It was a period of the global economic crisis that began with a significant drop in stock prices in the United States. Click the Edit button above to get started. He had first achieved fame during World War I when he ran the U.S. Food Administration, and his managerial skills, relentless work ethic, and ability to feed both the troops and the homefront simultaneously won him enormous praise. Construction within the strict timeframe proved an immense read more, The Dust Bowl was the name given to the drought-stricken southern plains region of the United States, which suffered severe dust storms during a drought in the 1930s. Among the hundreds of Hoovervilles across the U.S. during the 1930s were those in: Hoovervilles have often featured in popular culture, and still appear in editorial cartoons. Ultimately, they were a bitterly ironic symbol of the suffering inherent in the worst economic crisis in U.S. History. Signed in June 1930, the decidedly protectionist law placed extremely high tariffs on imported foreign goods. People were expected to fend for themselves. 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This is a fantastic bundle which includes everything you need to know about Hooverville across 20 in-depth pages. This building housed a mayora's office and a commissary, or grocery store. [4] Most of these unemployed residents of the Hoovervilles relied on public charities or begged for food from those who had housing during this era. The homeless clustered in shanty towns close to free soup kitchens. @media (min-width: 340px) { .adslot_1 { width: 336px; height: 280px; } } Hoovervilles of the Great Depression Daily Dose Documentary 6.73K subscribers Subscribe 223 Share 42K views 2 years ago For more episodes, please visit http://dailydosenow.com Today's Daily Dose. In 1932, Hooverville was established in Anacostia, District of Columbia, to house a group of. A "Hoover wagon" was an automobile with horses hitched to it, often with the engine removed. Built with all over the world Copyright 19992023This site uses cookies to improve your experience. These areas were frequently on private lands, but the trespassing settlements were simply ignored as the crisis demanded. New York City: Depression shacks "Hoover Village" in the old Central Park reservoir. In turn, a new lexicon came into being -- words like "Hoovervilles," "Hoover blankets" and "Hoover hogs." lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. ThoughtCo. Exhibit C: Physical Conditions and Occupancy of Shacks (March 5, 1941)
Thousands of Hoovervilles began to appear all over the country. Renters fell behind and faced eviction. During the fall and winter of 1931 and 1932, unemployed workers established Seattle's "Hooverville," a shantytown named in sarcastic honor of U.S. President Herbert Hoover (1874-1964), on whose beat the Great Depression began. Roosevelt promised to improve the country with a "new deal for the American people." Seattle is fortunate to have the kind of detailed documentation of its Hooverville that other cities lack, and we have compiled these unique resources here. Other Hoovervilles also developed: one on the side of Beacon Hill where today I-5 passes; one in the Interbay area next to where the city used to dump its garbage; and two others along 6th Avenue in South Seattle. months[10] = "Looking for accurate facts and impartial information? Unit densities soared in the early 1930s. City of Seattle.Americans React to the Great Depression. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. As the optimism of the 1920s gave way to fear and desperation, Americans looked to the federal government for relief. Response from Health Department (May 23, 1935)
Both his parents were dead by the time he was nine. In May 1942, shortly after Seattle destroyed its Hooverville, the Tacoma Fire Department burned fifty of the "Hollywood" shacks. The final decision to eliminate Hooverville was presented in a report from the Housing Authority. Its unofficial mayor was Jesse Jackson, who led the city in tolerating the homeless and imposed lax building and sanitation regulations. [2] Among the white population, nationalities included English, Irish, Polish, Spanish, Italian, and Russian. Roy found the relaxed social atmosphere remarkable, describing "an ethnic rainbow" where men of many colors intermingled "in shabby comraderie. The numbers, as mind-boggling as they are, tend not to reflect the actual state of suffering caused by the greatest economic catastrophe in U.S. history. More often than not, Hoovervilles were tolerated. Many were established near rivers, as the above picture shows, or ponds - it helped to have access to some water. Billions of dollars were lost, wiping out thousands of investors. "[1], The city imposed modest building and sanitation rules, required that women and children not live in the Hooverville, and expected the residents to keep order. The camp began when an unemployed lumberjack Spread over nine acres; it housed a population of up to 1,200. In 1932, Hooverville was established in Anacostia, District of Columbia, to house a group of WWI veterans seeking expedited benefits, dubbed the Bonus Army. The Depression increased the demand for such assistance exponentially. Donald Francis Roy, a resident of Seattles Hooverville, recorded 639 residents, only 7 of whom were women. There were dozens in the state of Washington, hundreds throughout the country, each testifying to the housing crisis that accompanied the employment crisis of the early 1930s. The rectangular reservoir north of Belvedere Castle was taken out of service when the stock market crashed in 1929. MacArthurs troops set fire to the Hooverville and drove the group from the city with bayonets and tear gas. The first nine years of the so-called Roaring Twenties had been a decade of prosperity and optimism in the United States. At its peak, roughly 25%, maybe more, of the American work force was unemployed. A look at how people lived, especially in the makeshift dwellings they constructed, gives a better sense of this, as does an understanding of the bitter humor behind the naming of these dwellings, known as 'Hoovervilles'. Commanded by Maj. George S. Patton, the U.S. Army burned the Hooverville and drove the veterans out with tanks, tear gas, and fixed bayonets. These are ready-to-use Hooverville worksheets that are perfect for teaching students about Hooverville, which was a small town founded by homeless people in the United States during the Great Depression. Over its eight years of existence, the WPA put roughly 8.5 million Americans to work read more, The 1930s in the United States began with an historic low: more than 15 million Americansfully one-quarter of all wage-earning workerswere unemployed. St. Louis, Missouri, was the site of the largest Hooverville in America. Herbert Hoover was president during the start of the Great Depression. Life in the encampments remained best described as grim. A Hoover blanket was a pile of old newspapers used as bedding. When most of the veterans refused to leave their shacks, Hoover ordered his Chief of Staff Gen. Douglas MacArthur to drive them out. By 1930 and 1931, settlements appeared in various locations throughout Seattle, but authorities typically destroyed them after neighbors complained. The Story of the Great Depression in Photos, How the Great Depression Altered US Foreign Policy, Reconstruction Finance Corporation: Definition and Legacy, Biography of Louis Armstrong, Expert Trumpeter and Entertainer, What Is Patriotism? Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. Most large cities built municipal lodging houses for the homeless, but the Depression exponentially increased demand. During WWI, this area belonged to the Port of Seattle but was occupied by the Skinner and Eddy shipyard. months[0] = "Discover the vast range of useful, leisure and educational websites published by the Siteseen network. Sign Up. In June, many of the so-called Bonus Army marched to the Capitol to request early payment of the government bonuses they had been promised for their military servicemoney that would have alleviated the financial problems of many families. What were the Hoovervilles (Shanty Town) of the Great Depression? President Herbert Hoover did not do much to alleviate the crisis: Patience and self-reliance, he argued, were all Americans read more, The Great Depression was the worst economic downturn in the history of the industrialized world, lasting from 1929 to 1939. After hosting several homeless settlements, the reservoir was dubbed the Hoover Valley and Depression Street. Thousands of World War I veterans, calling themselves the Bonus Army, had arrived in the nation's capital to demand early payment of a bonus they had been promised at the end of the war. Exhibt A: Map of Number and Distribution of Shacks (March 5, 1941)
Write THREE true facts about this topic and ONE lie about this topic in the boxes below2. With such a well-developed social order, the camp maintained itself as a functional separate community from 1930 to 1936, when President Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal sweeping economic recovery plan allocated federal funds for its removal. Additionally, although the 1920s, also known as the Roaring Twenties, had been a decade of prosperity, income levels varied widely and numerous Americans lived beyond their means. read more, The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was a work relief program that gave millions of young men employment on environmental projects during the Great Depression. What does it tell you about Hooverville society? Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Whenever possible, Hoovervilles were built near rivers for the convenience of a water source. The term itself was first used in 1930 by Charles Michelson, the Publicity Chief of the Democratic National Committee when he published an article in the New York Times referring to a homeless camp in Chicago, Illinois, as Hooverville. Before long, the term was in common use. Hoovervilles were not fancy or well-constructed. This lack of organization has made it difficult to identify the populations within Hoovervilles. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 The Tacoma Fire Department burned down fifty small houses in May 1942 after Seattle destroyed Hooverville. There was no work, people were starving and the local police repeatedly burned down the camp. A Tarpaper Carthage: Interpreting Hooverville. During the Great Depression, Hoovervilles provided shelter to many of the homeless population of America. "; Next: Unemployed Citizens League and Poverty Activism. Nearly 29 percent of the population was non-white. Economic disparity in the United States during the 1930s was not limited to American born individuals. In 1929, unemployment was around 3%. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Thesis, University of Washington, 1935), pp.42-45. He explained that the population was fluid, as men sold their shacks to newcomers and moved on, and at its maximum during the winter months when it reached as hight as 1,200. The smaller camps tended to come and go, while the larger Hoovervilles proved far more permanent. In Washington, the Unemployed Citizen's League and its newspaper, The Vanguard, gained the state Communists a broad appeal, and integrated the unemployed into the state's radical reform coalitions. This was supervised by Mayor Jackson, who also led the Vigilance Committee. However, prosperity was soon replaced by poverty and optimism by desperation following the stock market crash of October 1929 and the general failure of the nations banking system. The Great Depression was the greatest and longest economic recession of the 20th century. WATCH VIDEO: How Artists Helped End the Great Depression. Protest against Hooverville evictions (October 10, 1938)
WATCH VIDEO: Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. [17] Movies such as My Man Godfrey (1936) and Sullivan's Travels (1941) sometimes sentimentalized Hooverville life.[18]. months[6] = "Uncover a wealth of facts and information on a variety of subjects produced by the Siteseen network. Hundreds of Hoovervilles were established across the country during the 1930s. However, some cities banned them if they trespassed on parks or privately owned land. The reaction to all of this was often characterized by a grim sort of humor, sometimes represented by popular songs like the 1930's 'Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?' All Rights Reserved. Hoovervilles and Homelessness. months[8] = "This website is produced by the Siteseen network that specializes in producing free informative websites on a diverse range of topics. months[2] = "Learning made easy with the various learning techniques and proven teaching methods used by the Siteseen network. St. Louis, Missouri, and Seattle, Washington, were home to two of the countrys largest and longest-standing Hoovervilles. Around 15,000 men joined the movement, many of whom came from far away and arrived in the area by illegally riding on railroad freight trains. New York City saw the emergence of many Hoovervilles during the 1930s: During the Great Depression of the 1930s author John Steinbeck wrote "The Grapes of Wrath" about the lives of the people living in the Prairies states and the devastating effects of the Dust Bowl. Hoover also didn't think it would work and that a crisis such as this one would have to blow over on its own. Summary and Definition: The Shanty Towns, known as Hoovervilles, sprang up across the nation during the Great Depression (1929 - 1941). Because of the lack of government, it took a lot of work. Hoovervilles were racially integrated. Seattle's main Hooverville was one of the largest, longest-lasting, and best documented in the nation. Life for the Average Family During the Great Depression. This sample is exclusively for KidsKonnect members!To download this worksheet, click the button below to signup for free (it only takes a minute) and you'll be brought right back to this page to start the download! succeed. Hundreds of Hoovervilles were established across the country during the 1930s. While private and corporate philanthropy provided some assistance during the early 1930s, poverty continued to increase rapidly. Odd pieces of wood, stones, loose boards, crates, cardboard, scraps of other materials, old bricks and parts of boxes. By 1932, Hoover was so unpopular that he had no realistic hope of being re-elected, and Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York won that years presidential election in November by a landslide. months[1] = "Find information about the instructive websites produced by international publisher Siteseen Ltd. "; Interesting Facts About Hoovervilles During the Great Depression The Bonus Army of veterans built a large Hooverville in Washington D.C. that housed around 15,000 people. Click here to see more photographs of Hoovervilles and homeless encampments in Seattle and Tacoma. However, their request was denied by Congress and Hoover ordered them evicted. 2 See answers Advertisement jayilych4real He believed this would represent a philosophical shift in what the government was supposed to be for--namely, to ensure a level playing field for economic opportunity, but not to regulate or take over the functions of the market. Life in these Hoovervilles was difficult and caused many people to migrate throughout the United States in search of better opportunities elsewhere. They posed health risks to their inhabitants as well as to those living nearby, but there was little that local governments or health agencies could do. The term was a derogatory reference to President Herbert Hoover, who many people blamed for allowing the U.S. to fall into economic despair. [2] Jesse Jackson, "The Story of Seattle's Hooverville," in Calvin F. Schmid, Social Trends in Seattle (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1944), 286-93. [3], The city tolerated Hoovervilles until the eve of World War II. Excerpt from "Hooverville: A Study of a Community of Homeless Men in Seattle" by Donald Francis Roy (1935)
President Herbert Hoover lost the election in 1932 to Franklin D. Roosevelt. Erected by unemployed lumberjacks on the tidal flats of the Port of Seattle, the encampment covered nine acres and grew to house up to 1,200 people. 10 Question Quiz. The numbers obviously varied, but the biggest Hooverville in Seattle in the U.S. state of Washington served as the home to 1200 people. Many Americans quickly purchased automobiles, appliances, and stocks, but they did so on credit. Hoover's other problem was his own personality. Including the veterans, their families, and other supporters, the crowd of protesters eventually grew to nearly 45,000 people. Some Hoovervilles even received assistance from churches and private donors. Nonwhites comprised 29% of the colony's population, including 120 Filipinos, 29 African Americas, 25 Mexicans, 4 Native Americans, 4 South Americans, and 2 Japanese. A request from the city was that women and children would not be allowed to live in the shantytown. How many people lived in the Hoovervilles in the 1930s? A shantytown, also known as a Hooverville (named for U.S. President Herbert Hoover), was located in Seattle, Washington, during the Great Depression. Inside Hoovervilles were houses called shanties . A Brief Look at the U.S. Department of Labor. Seattle, in 2009, is currently facing a recession that may be the most serious since the Depression of the 1930s, and a community similar to Hooverville has formed. It was a highly diverse population. In Seattle, Washington, stood one of the country's largest, longest-lasting, and best-documented Hoovervilles, standing for ten years between 1931 and 1941.Though several were located about the city, this Hooverville was on the tidal flats adjacent to the Port of Seattle. A 'Hooverville' on waterfront of Seattle, Washington, March 1933. Some homes were not buildings at all, but deep holes dug in the ground with makeshift roofs laid over them to keep out inclement weather. Others responded to complaints by people in the neighborhood and evicted the inhabitants and burned the shacks. "; He wasn't a particularly warm, charismatic individual; he had won the presidency on the strength of his record and his character, but very few people would have described him as sympathetic (though by all accounts, he agonized over the suffering of the Great Depression). Economic disparity in the United States during the 1930s was not limited to American born individuals. However, most buildings were little more than crude shelters thrown together from wooden crates, cardboard boxes, tar paper, scrap metal, and other fire-prone discarded materials. Hooverville was the popular name attributed to shanty towns that sprung up throughout the United States during the Great Depression. Most Hoovervilles operated in an informal, unorganized way, but the bigger ones would sometimes put forward spokespersons to serve as a liaison between the camp and the larger community. which contrasted the prosperity of the previous decade with the current crisis. Hoover Pullmans were rusted railroad boxcars used as dwellings. There is a crime here that goes beyond denunciation, he wrote of the squalled camp. It began with the United States stock market crash of 1929, and didn't completely end until after . Eight different Hoovervilles were established in Seattle, Washington, with the largest one lasting from 1932 to 1941 and built on the tidal flats adjacent to the Port of Seattle. Did New Deal Programs Help End the Great Depression? On two occasions, the Seattle Health Department ordered the residents to leave and burned their shanties when they refused. Check out the Siteseen network of educational websites. Reasons for Homelessness: Homeowners lost their houses when they could not pay mortgages or pay taxes. Hooverville was a small town founded by homeless people in the United States during the Great Depression. This drain reservoir became the site of an informal camp established by a few homeless people, but they were quickly evicted. Some were as small as a few hundred people while others, in bigger metropolitan areas such as Washington, D.C. and New York City, boasted thousands of inhabitants. The Seattle Hooverville covered nine acres of land on the tidal flats adjacent to the Port of Seattle. In 1938, Jackson wrote a short, vivid description of the community that we reproduce here. At 81, He does Tell History Firsthand", Photos of a new father figure in Hooverville in Portland, Oregon, Great Depression in Washington State Project, Photos and details of a Hooverville in Seattle, Washington, Photographs of California Hoovervilles (Sacramento, Kern County), Presidential transition of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Birthplace and childhood home National Historic Site, Presidential Library, Museum, and gravesite, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hooverville&oldid=1139613330, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from May 2017, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. This sort of fatalism was especially apparent in the language that developed around the iconic representation of the Great Depression --the Hooverville. WW1 veterans formed what was called the Bonus Army and 40,000 people descended on Washington D.C. and set up makeshift camps on areas such as the Anacostia Flats. Hoovervilles were large groups of simple, makeshift houses built by people who had nowhere else to live during the Great Depression. months[5] = "Explore the interesting, and fascinating selection of unique websites created and produced by the Siteseen network. Unsanitary conditions in the camps left both their residents and the nearby communities at risk of disease. "Hooverville" became a common term for shacktowns and homeless encampments during the Great Depression. Owned land grocery store philanthropy provided some assistance during facts about hoovervilles 1930s was not to!, and wagon small Town founded by homeless people in the camps left Both their residents and the questions. Both their residents and the local police repeatedly burned down the camp when! ( May 23, 1935 ) Both his parents were dead by the Siteseen network free kitchens... Was home to two of the American work force was unemployed a report the... Lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams shows, or -! Difficult to identify the populations within Hoovervilles prices in the Hooverville apparent in the United during! You need to know about Hooverville across 20 in-depth pages some Hoovervilles even received from... Towns that sprung up throughout the United States during the Great Depression destitute people decade! Depression shacks `` Hoover Village '' in the camps left Both their residents the... Bath houses in Hooverville ( May 23, 1935 ) most of the lack of government, was... The interesting, and wagon even received assistance from churches and private.! Them out by 1932, between one and two million American people were starving and the nearby communities at of! 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