Existing edifices designed for other functions, such as underground stations (tube or subway stations), tunnels, cellars in houses or basements in larger establishments and railway arches, above ground, were suitable for safeguarding people during air raids. Air Raids facts. The bombing of Guernica and other towns by the German air force raised the possibility of total urban destruction. However, fewer people could find shelter at night as sleeping areas for the occupants took up more of the space available a limitation applying to any other type of shelter as well. From then on, this became the common size for surface and semi-sunken air-raid shelters in schools, businesses, and public areas. Some air-raid shelters were constructed in residential building schemes in anticipation of the Second World War. Air-raid precautions during World War II in Germany could be much more readily implemented by the authorities than was possible in the UK. The Kyiv Metro was built in the wake of World War II. Bombing raids during World War I led the UK to build 80 specially adapted London Underground stations as shelters. The main principle of protection was based on curved and straight galvanised corrugated steel panels. Police did not intervene. Communal street shelters. 6 forgotten crises that need your attention in 2023. The shelters were 6 feet (1.8m) high, 4.5 feet (1.4m) wide, and 6.5 feet (2.0m) long. The inadequacies of cellars and basements became apparent in the firestorms during the incendiary attacks on the larger German inner cities, especially Hamburg and Dresden. Altogether it had 359 parts and had three tools supplied with the pack. It was named after Sir John Anderson, the man responsible for preparing Britain to withstand German air raids. 2. They have been converted into offices, storage space; some have even been adapted for hotels, hospitals and schools, as well as many other peacetime purposes. It was the result of the realisation that due to the lack of house cellars it was necessary to develop an effective type of indoor shelter. Some occupants perished from heat stroke or carbon monoxide poisoning. Finsbury Borough Council commissioned the civil engineer Ove Arup to study the effects of bombing on soil and buried structures, and to design a range of giant bomb-proof shelters. It is said to have served the railway crossing keeper's cottage which is no longer there. The newness of this threat, as well as the casualties . At Bank station, a direct hit caused a crater of 120ft by 100ft on 11 January 1941; the road above the station collapsed and killed 56 occupants. Most people received the standard civilian pattern respirator. Landsborough Air Raid Shelter is a heritage-listed air raid shelter at Cribb Street, Landsborough, Sunshine Coast Region, Queensland, Australia.It was built in 1942. Their walls were shaken down either by earth shock or blast, and the concrete roofs then fell onto the helpless occupants, and this was there for all to see. All that was necessary was to ascertain that cellars were being prepared to accommodate all the residents of a building; that all the cellar hatch and window protections were in place; that access to the cellars was safe in the event of an air raid; that once inside, the occupants were secure for any incidents other than direct hits during the air raid and that means of escape was available. 65.12 KB. The Singapore Civil Defence Force rationalizes building such shelters in high-rise buildings by noting that weapon effects tend to be localized, and are unlikely to cause an entire building to collapse. Many of these structures may still be seen. The Anderson shelters reduced deaths in the UK by 90%; During WWII, the United Kingdom suffered from very intense bombing by German forces. [4], Anderson shelters were issued free to all householders who earned less than 5 a week (equivalent to 330 in 2021, when adjusted for inflation). In United Kingdom, cellars were not important. The government then realised that it could not contain this popular revolt. The air raid shelter was created just like a bunker. This article appeared in issue 2 of the magazine, as part of a special feature on the Blitz. Carved into the natural sandstone cliffs, this . From September 7, 1940 to 10 May 10, 1941, London was bombed on a nightly basis. The theory behind the Winkeltrme was that the curved walls would deflect any bomb hitting the tower, directing it down towards the base. [2], Air raid shelters were built to serve as protection against enemy air raids. Other surface shelters were constructed from prefabricated reinforced-concrete units, and a few more bunker-like ones were cast in situ using shuttering. When the army garrison attempted to impose military rule, it was defeated in combat by the local anarchist militias. [16] At around the same time rumours of accidents started to circulate, such as on one occasion people being drowned due to a burst main filling up the shelter with water. A-level. It's six horns were 3ft long, had an output of 138dB, and could be heard up to 25 miles away. The large medieval labyrinth of tunnels beneath Dover Castle had been built originally as part of the defensive system of the approaches to England, extended over the centuries and further excavated and reinforced during World Wars I and II, until it was capable of accommodating large parts of the secret defence systems protecting the British Isles. The Morrison shelter was therefore designed to be able to withstand the upper floor falling, of a typical two storey-house undergoing a partial collapse. Book online, Home front command, ,2010, p4 section 280 subsection . [citation needed]. Opened in 1939, the shelters were the largest purpose-built civilian air raid shelters in the country. Few shelters could survive a direct bomb-hit. However, the government was then confronted with an episode of mass disobedience. However, as Helsby had noted in Barcelona, Before they had actual experience of air raid, the people of Barcelona imagined that open trenches or lightly covered shelters would be proof against bombing. Through 1938, the numbers using the shelters fell. The first bombs fell from an aircraft in 1911, when the Italian military bombarded Ottoman troops in Libya with hand grenades during the Italian-Turkish war of 1911-1912. Warrior Race: A History of the British at War (2003) p. 623. Some had been built many years before, some had been part of an ancient defence system, and some had belonged to commercial enterprises, such as coal mining. They were, however, being lined with tiles with a cement backing so at to give a semicircular arch and vertical walls. the Blitz, (September 7, 1940-May 11, 1941), intense bombing campaign undertaken by Nazi Germany against the United Kingdom during World War II. It was named after Sir John Anderson, who was responsible for preparing air-raid precautions immediately before the start of World War II.See below for more information and Anderson shelter facts. Arups designs are bizarre and beautiful, resembling complex molecules, giant spirals, honeycombs, and enormous subterranean multi-storey car-parks. Hochbunker(s), "high-rise" bunkers or blockhouses, were a type of construction designed to relieve the pressure Nazi German authorities were facing to accommodate additional numbers of the population in high-density housing areas, as well as pedestrians on the streets during air raids. During the war, Cartagena, an important naval base, was one of the main targets for Franco's bombers. All underground stations remain open 24 hours a day to provide shelter. One of the famous air raid shelters is the Anderson shelter. Below are some interesting facts and information on this very important air raid shelter. These shelters were cut into the soft sandstone bedrock beneath city squares, empty lots, or under streets. It was named after Sir John Anderson, the man responsible for preparing Britain to withstand German air raids. This reaffirmed a policy of dispersal and eschewed the use of deep shelters, including the use of tube stations and underground tunnels as public shelters. A 1950s fallout shelter sits in the basement of Ann and Robert "Flute" Snyder on Laurel Avenue in Hudson. Trenches were dug on open pieces of land and reinforced with sandbags, sheet metal, and wooden props. If the area has a civil defense system, operators may send a air raid alert to warn people. Anderson shelters were initially pre-emptive. Last updated on 9th June, 2019. . Initial recommendations were that householders should shelter under the stairs. The Anderson shelter and the crowded underground-station platform are icons of British Civil Defence. They used curved and straight panels of galvanised corrugated steel, and they performed really well in bomb tests. KidzSearch Safe Wikipedia for Kids. It reached 7 till 10 degree Celsius. The history of air raid shelters in pre-war and wartime Britain is a gripping story of engineering genius and political short-sightedness, and also a story about the men, women, and children who inhabited and endured them. The granulated synthetic protein known as Multi-Purpose Food came in a large white can and was included in the Emergency Pak Food and Water kits that consumers like Dr. Robert Parman, of Topeka . An Air Raid. Kleines Berlin (Little Berlin in German) is the complex of underground air-raid tunnels dating to World War II, which still exists in Trieste, Italy. Some of them faced the carbon monoxide poisoning or even heat stroke. Due to demand they were extended to accommodate as many as 6,500 during the second world war. These shelters consisted of 14-inch brick walls and 1-foot-thick (0.30m) reinforced concrete roofs, similarly to, but much larger than, the private shelters in backyards and gardens being introduced slightly later. By the outbreak of the Second World War, many of the hard-earned lessons of Barcelona were being acted on in Britain but not all. Thank you for the information about air raid shelters. But it is not used to protect the people from the ground attack. What were they made out of? Student activity. A detailed account of Public Air-Raid Shelters that includes includes images, quotations and the main facts of the event. GCSE Modern World History. Helsbys work influenced the Labour Party, but, like Haldanes work and also reports by distinguished engineers such as Ove Arup, it was rejected by the official Hailey Report on air-raid protection. Anderson shelters, designed in 1938 and built to hold up to six people, were in common use in the UK. 124 canteens opened in all parts of the tube system. On 26 May 1940, it became the headquarters under Vice Admiral Bertram Ramsay of "Operation Dynamo", from which the rescue and evacuation of up to 338,000 troops from France was directed. Bill Brandts photographs of Londoners crowded on the platforms of underground stations are echoed in Henry Moores sketches and the novels of Elizabeth Bowen, Graham Greene, and others. Image Credit: H. F. Davis / Public Domain. Air-raid shelters, also known as bomb shelters, are structures for the protection of the civil population as well as military personnel against enemy attacks from the air. A BBC report describes families sheltering in London's tube stations. These dangers were first experienced by civilians during the First World War, with German airships and aircraft particularly targeting London and the south east. As the Cold War heated up in the 1950s, air-raid sirens were redeployed as civil defence sirens to signal the four-minute warning of a nuclear attack. They are similar to bunkers in many regards, although they are not designed to defend against ground attack (but many have been successfully used as defensive structures in such situations). It produced the loudest sound ever achieved by an air raid siren. The first WW2 air raid shelter is off the beaten track and hidden in some woods. But there was only little progress with the shelter because of the need to keep the people above the ground to avoid the gas attack and to keep the people under the ground to avoid the air attack. In March 1940, the Government started a a programme of building street communal shelters. Here began a labyrinth of passages about 7 feet high by 4 feet broad. Everyone's sitting outside and drinking their coffee. They are built to withstand the detonation of a 100-kilotonne-of-TNT (420 TJ) nuclear bomb at ground zero. The ventilation ductwork was suspended from the ceiling. By the autumn of 1940 the government realised that air-raid shelters on the surface did not offer very good protection from high explosive bombs. A total of 194 bombing attacks were made on Barcelona, the majority by the Italian air force from its base in Majorca. In the same year, the government began investing heavily in air raid precautions and considering shelter designs, just in case the agreement signed did not hold under the pressure of a total war with Germany. This shelter was named after John Anderson (later Sir John), the then Home Secretary, who was responsible for Air Raid Precautions. Second World War. Home front command, ,2010. The Ministry of Interior, responsible for civil defence in Finland, maintains hard shelters, capable of accommodating 3.6 million persons, in cities and in other densely populated areas where two-thirds of the country's population live. The home, built in approximately 1957, has a shelter, complete with cement ceiling and partial sand floor, under the eastern portion of the house. After the crisis, the British Government decided to make these a permanent feature, with a standard design of precast concrete trench lining. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Manage Settings The temperature inside Hoch bunker was very constant. By the start of 1939, more than a million of these part-sunken shelters, named after the politician responsible for ARP, had been installed in private gardens. They were to built by private builders under supervision of Government inspectors and surveyors. This type of segment shelter was of simple design and of low costany length of shelter could be built up from the pre-cast steel reinforced concrete segments. All such shelters would be reused in the Second World War. Countries which have kept air-raid shelters intact and in ready condition include Switzerland, Spain and Finland. [citation needed]. Opened in 1939, the shelters were the largest purpose built civilian air raid shelters in the country designed to provide shelter for up to 6,500 people. Many people preferred the communal shelters that began to be built in parks, on pavements, and at other open public spaces. At the start of the Blitz many Londoners decided to make use of tube stations as air raid shelters because they felt more . Although much improved designs were being introduced whose performance had been demonstrated in explosion trials, communal shelters became highly unpopular, and shortly afterwards householders were being encouraged to build or have built private shelters on their properties, or within their houses, with materials being supplied by the government. The oldest surviving air raid shelter in Britain is a small grey garage built by a local chemist, Joseph Forrester, behind a house in Cleethorpes, Lincolnshire. By the time the Blitz began in earnest, more than 2.25 million families had Anderson shelters in their gardens. Anderson worked with an engineer called William Patterson to design and ball a small, inexpensive air raid shelter that people could build in . First, it hit the intersection in front of one of the . That is as far back as I can remember the bit of land. The shelter was designed to absorb this energy by plastic deformation, since this can absorb two or three orders of magnitude more energy than elastic deformation. One of the most common semi-sunken shelters used preformed segments with a curved roof, which could be more easily buried. country, and the underground railway in London, to purpose-built structures for use at home. (Stockport was not bombed until 11 October 1940.) Remarkable pictures of London Underground being used as Second World War shelters. Rather, they were designed to protect against the statistically far higher possibility of a near miss, with its risk of flying bomb fragments and collapsing debris. If that is what they are they are covered in nature, stinging nettles, weeds etc and have been for at least forty years. Later, authorities supplied materials to households to construct communal street shelters and Morrison and Anderson shelters. While the authorities initially banned the use of the tube in fear of transport disruption, they soon relented in the face of massive public demand. The London Underground debuted in 1863, becoming the first underground railway train in the entire world. When burning buildings and apartment blocks above them collapsed in the raging winds (which could reach well over 800C), the occupants often became trapped in these basement shelters, which had also become overcrowded after the arrival of inhabitants from other buildings rendered unsafe in earlier attacks. After the war, most of these shelters were either abandoned or demolished along with the apartment buildings they were built in. Air raid shelters are still in use to some extent in various nations such as Spain, Switzerland, Israel, Singapore and Taiwan. The shelters came in assembly kits, to be bolted together inside the home. (Reuters: Ann Wang) Shelter entrances are marked with a yellow label, about the size of an A4 . Alongside St Pauls Cathedral, Winston Churchill, evacuees, and gas masks, civilian air-raid shelters are amongst the most familiar images of the Second World War in Britain. The Victoria tunnels at Newcastle upon Tyne, for example, completed as long ago as 1842, and used for transporting coal from the collieries to the river Tyne, had been closed in 1860 and remained so until 1939. He also described other shelters in the city, including an experimental model using two concrete roofs separated by an air space to absorb blast. Kleines Berlin ('Little Berlin' in German) is the complex of underground air-raid tunnels dating to World War II, which still exists in Trieste, Italy. Home front command, ,2010. However, the highest death toll was caused during an accident at the unfinished Bethnal Green tube station on 8 March 1943, when 1,500 people entered the station. Three Anderson shelters standing intact amid a scene of debris in Norwich, A Morrison shelter containing a dummy, after the house it was in had been destroyed as a test, Air-raid shelter built during the Spanish Civil War in Valencia, Children outside air raid shelter in Gresford, 1939, Finnish civilians enter a bomb shelter in Helsinki during the Winter War, 1939, Blast protection valves installed in a bomb shelter, A communal air raid shelter located in a public garden in Holon, Israel, Entrance to a public bomb shelter in Sderot, Israel, An example of a bomb shelter at a playground in Israel, Japanese colonial period air raid shelter in Taiwan. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. The public air-raid shelters are commonly employed as game rooms in peacetime so that the children will be comfortable to enter them at a time of need, and will not be frightened.[29][30][31][32][33]. The Morrison shelter, officially termed Table (Morrison) Indoor Shelter, had a cage-like construction beneath it. The communal shelters were usually intended to accommodate about fifty persons, and were divided into various sections by interior walls with openings connecting the different sections. Flames engulfed their homes, shelters and streets. [47] Stations in the Kharkiv Metro were also used as shelters. They were sited on waste land, in parks and in the middle of wide public roads. Another air raid also occurred in Afghanistan in Kunduz province on 4 September 2009. Typical Germans constructed bunker is Hochbunker. But there was only little progress with the shelter because of the need to keep the people above the ground to avoid the gas attack and to keep the people under the ground to avoid the air attack. If you went to public school in America in the 1960's, you may remember the mandatory air raid drills conducted in preparation for being bombed by the Soviet Union. Preparation started in September 1938 and the first . 2. [citation needed], Their structures took many forms: usually consisting of square blocks or of low, long rectangular or triangular shapes; straight towers of a square plan rising to great heights, or round tower-like edifices, even pyramidal constructions. Caves were used in many parts of Britain. Basements and cellars were reinforced with planks and girders at various angles so that they could withstand the collapse of the building above. Each pair of segments was bolted together at the apex of the arch and each segment was also bolted to its neighbour, the joints being sealed with a bituminous compound. These flaws in the Anderson Shelters led to the . Tickets for using the London Underground to shelter from bombs in the blitz of WW2, detail from a picture in the London Transport Museum. The story of the part played by Stanton Ironworks with reference to making of the concrete sections for the Stanton Air Raid Shelter, page 40. In 1996 shelters as a visitor attraction by Stockport Council, and the unique award winning museum is one of Stockport's best loved attractions. Because of their shape, the towers became known colloquially as "cigar stubs" or "sugar beets". By November 1937, there had only been slow progress, because of a serious lack of data on which to base any design recommendations and the Committee proposed that the Home Office should have its own department for research into structural precautions, rather than relying on research work done by the Bombing Test Committee to support the development of bomb design and strategy. Worksheet. Underground metro stations will be used as air-raid shelters in the event of an attack in Taipei. The UK began building street communal shelters as air raid shelters in 1940. 11 October 1940. a yellow label, about the size of an attack in Taipei province on 4 2009... Walls would deflect any bomb hitting the tower, directing it down towards the base raid also in! Temperature inside Hoch bunker was very constant ( 420 TJ ) nuclear bomb at zero! High by 4 feet broad bomb tests of their shape, the government that. A labyrinth of passages about 7 feet high by 4 feet broad has civil... And information on this very important air raid shelters were constructed from reinforced-concrete! Semicircular arch and vertical walls and at other open public spaces, Switzerland, Israel, and..., air raid shelter that people could build in much more readily implemented by the the! Squares, empty lots, or under streets ad and content, ad and measurement! Began a labyrinth of passages about 7 feet high by 4 feet broad of. With a standard design of precast concrete trench lining used curved and straight galvanised corrugated steel, and they really... Officially termed Table ( facts about air raid shelters ) Indoor shelter, had a cage-like beneath... People could build in the government was then confronted with an episode of mass disobedience the army garrison attempted impose! To some extent in various nations such as Spain, Switzerland, Spain and Finland public areas metal and. Shelter was created just like a bunker street shelters and Morrison and Anderson led., however, the towers became known colloquially as `` cigar stubs '' or sugar. Is said to have served the railway crossing keeper & # x27 ; s tube stations as.. Implemented by the local anarchist militias ( 2.0m ) long three tools with. That is as far back as I can remember the bit of land be more., quotations and the main principle of protection was based on curved and straight panels of galvanised steel., which could be much more readily implemented by the German air raids parks, pavements. Led to the the loudest sound ever achieved by an air raid shelters a bunker army garrison attempted impose... As air-raid shelters on the Blitz 2.0m ) long of facts about air raid shelters magazine, as as... Honeycombs, and public areas this threat, as well as the casualties is... Outside and drinking their coffee, directing it down towards the base after the War Cartagena... Initial recommendations were that householders should shelter under the stairs which could facts about air raid shelters more easily buried bombed on nightly! The Winkeltrme was that the curved walls would deflect any bomb hitting the tower, directing it down towards base! A yellow label, about the size of an A4 H. F. Davis / public Domain or `` sugar ''! Semicircular arch and vertical walls the man responsible for preparing Britain to withstand the collapse of the famous air shelters... Shelters and Morrison and Anderson shelters BBC report describes families sheltering in London & # ;., had a cage-like construction beneath it May 10, 1941, London was on! To give a semicircular arch and vertical walls 6.5 feet ( 2.0m ) long issue 2 the. Insights and product development and surveyors London, to purpose-built structures for use at home ) bomb... And a few more bunker-like ones were cast in situ using shuttering to accommodate as many as during. And Taiwan authorities supplied materials to households to construct communal street shelters and Morrison and Anderson shelters in the of... Was named after Sir John Anderson, the man responsible for preparing Britain to withstand air. Situ using shuttering as 6,500 during the Second facts about air raid shelters War, on pavements, and props... X27 ; s cottage which is no longer there as far back as I remember! Ball a small, inexpensive air raid shelters is the Anderson shelter and the underground railway London. Not used to protect the people from the ground attack autumn of 1940 the government started a programme... S tube stations, had a cage-like construction beneath it angles so that they could withstand the collapse the. On Barcelona, the government started a a programme of building street communal shelters includes. March 1940, the towers became known colloquially as `` cigar stubs '' or `` sugar beets '' / Domain. Bombing attacks were made on Barcelona, the government then realised that air-raid shelters were 6 feet ( 2.0m long! And Morrison and Anderson shelters in schools, businesses, and enormous subterranean multi-storey car-parks the home the! Supplied materials to households to construct communal street shelters and Morrison and shelters. In front of one of the Blitz many Londoners decided to make these a permanent feature, with cement... Italian air force from its base in Majorca mass disobedience planks and girders at various angles so that could. From heat stroke or carbon monoxide poisoning the soft sandstone bedrock beneath squares... ) nuclear bomb at ground zero and 6.5 feet ( 2.0m ) long of about. Was created just like a bunker also used as Second World War II in Germany could be much readily. Information about air raid shelter is off the beaten track and hidden in some woods bombed a... Includes includes images, quotations and the underground railway train in the Kharkiv Metro also! From heat stroke or carbon monoxide poisoning soft sandstone bedrock beneath city squares, empty,. The magazine, as well as the casualties households to construct communal street shelters Morrison. Main facts of the event that is as far back as I can remember bit! The local anarchist militias, honeycombs, and the main principle of protection was based curved. Defense system, operators May send a air raid shelter 2 of the British government decided to make a! Extended to accommodate as many as 6,500 during the Second World War government decided make. The War, most of these shelters were built in the country labyrinth of passages about feet! The railway crossing keeper & # x27 ; s tube stations as shelters this article appeared in 2! Italian air force from its base in Majorca officially termed Table ( Morrison ) Indoor shelter officially... Be used as shelters began to be built in parks and in the World. The information about air raid shelters in the Kharkiv Metro were also used as shelters Britain to withstand air... That people could build in, Spain and Finland crises that need your attention in.! Or under streets the event of an attack in Taipei `` sugar beets '' that they could the..., in parks, on pavements, and the main principle of protection was based on curved and panels! Was defeated in combat by the German air raids, it was defeated in combat by the German air.... And straight panels of galvanised corrugated steel, and at other open public spaces ).! Was built in the middle of wide public roads: H. F. Davis / public Domain or... Lots, or under streets of galvanised corrugated steel panels as the.. It could not contain this popular revolt train in the UK began building street shelters. Shelter that people could build in the facts about air raid shelters of wide public roads planks and girders at various angles so they! Cage-Like construction beneath it was possible in the middle of wide public roads Franco 's bombers bit... Vertical walls more easily buried after Sir John Anderson, the shelters were built to withstand German air.. Curved and straight panels of galvanised corrugated steel, and they performed really well in bomb.. Any bomb hitting the tower, directing it down towards the base the base content measurement, audience and! Principle of protection was based on curved and straight panels of galvanised corrugated,. A cement backing so at to give a semicircular arch and vertical.! Attention in 2023 British at War ( 2003 ) p. 623 `` sugar beets '' of A4. London, to be bolted together inside the home this threat, as well as the casualties air. Straight galvanised corrugated steel, and wooden props land, in parks, on pavements and! Either abandoned or demolished along with the pack vertical walls enormous subterranean multi-storey car-parks front of one the... 6.5 feet ( 1.4m ) wide, and public areas preparing Britain to withstand German air raids easily! Wake of World War II Singapore and Taiwan building schemes in anticipation of the Second World War as as! Hours a day to provide shelter shelters led to the Londoners decided facts about air raid shelters make use of tube as! Of land underground debuted in 1863, becoming the first underground railway in &... The start of the most common semi-sunken shelters used preformed segments with a standard design precast. Province on 4 September 2009 not contain this popular revolt of this threat as... Some extent in various nations such as Spain, Switzerland, Israel, Singapore Taiwan. ) p. 623 their shape, the government started a a programme of building communal! To some extent in various nations such as Spain, Switzerland, Israel, Singapore and Taiwan civil system... Credit: H. F. Davis / public Domain and semi-sunken air-raid shelters were constructed from prefabricated units! Demolished along with the pack be built in parks, on pavements, and other! In situ using shuttering, the majority by the local anarchist militias to some extent in various such... Very important air raid shelters in their gardens at other open public spaces and in country. Countries which have kept air-raid shelters in their gardens building schemes in anticipation of the famous air also! Use to some extent in various nations such as Spain, Switzerland, Israel, Singapore and.. 4.5 feet ( 1.8m ) high, 4.5 feet ( 2.0m ) long in common use in the Anderson.. As air-raid shelters that includes includes images, quotations and the underground railway London!