It was used to bury the dead, the spirits were believed to dwell on land or below the ground. ii. Courage is usually praised. Caution should be applied when sweeping generalizations are made which make the traditional African family is made to appear static, rigid, and lacking in vitality. Queen, Stuart A., Habestein, Robert W., and Adams, John B., The Family in Various Cultures. DeVos, New York: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1976. 6. People who have become educated consider the shaving of the hair unnecessary. Land Ownership: It is no longer communal affair but a private affair. Edited by G.A. - They are kept company. - Presents are given to the baby and mother as a sign of good will. 7. 25 likes 25,448 views. Information on traditional marriage customs among both patrilineal and matrilineal peoples of Zambia is available in Yizenge A. Chondoka, Traditional Marriages in Zambia: A Study in Cultural History, (Ndola: Mission Press, 1988). D. at Michigan State University in Sociology in 1987. viii. They are consulted in cases where western medicine has failed. - With the introduction of money economy it is possible to sell land. 28 Son-in-laws working under the orders of the father-in-law is perhaps a reflection of how informants or an outsider might describe a social phenomenon rather than what happens in reality. They also perform light duties for relatives. 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The use of the term order might be a distortion as no father-in-law would order his son-in-law and no son-in-law would be worth his dignity if he had to be ordered. What happens in a majority of cases is that both father-in-law and son-in-law in reality internalize their required or expected behavior. Angering the living dead and the spirits e.g. In many matrilineal societies, the maternal uncle in the go-between or undertakes all the arrangements and responsibilities for his nephews marriage.32 In case of divorce, the womens people were legal guardians of the children. Death is believed to be a next journey to the world of the spirits. They were believed to have a lot of experience in life. - They would stay overnight and the following day they would go to bathe in the river with cold water. Most of the time they suffer from old age diseases. - Kinship gives individuals a sense of belonging since everyone is a relative in one way or the other, one feel comfortable in any company. Still, traditional families such as those in Family Ties and The Cosby Show dominated the ratings. Severing the ties of kinship is among the body sins and it is among the major sins. (Lusaka: Nalinga Consultancy/Sol-Consult A/S Limited, 1989), 38 Lucy P. Mair, African Marriage and Social Change, in Survey of African Marriage and Family Life, Edited by Arthur Phillips, (London: Oxford University Press, 1953) p. 126. Kinship is the relationship, including social relationship, that exists between two or more individuals, and kinship has a major influence on political, and economic systems in many different regions from around the world. They are people who claim a common ancestry and are related by blood. - The girls would take back the sheet with a lot of ululation and rejoicing and one girl would remain behind to study the character of the man. 2. It is said to be the basic and universal in relationships. Some people believe casting of an evil eye would cause bodily harm to somebody. Christianity: Christianity has weakened African Kinship ties by introducing new ties by the Christian family. The midwife also monitors the development of the foetus. They would only speak through intermediaries. This chapter will briefly explore traditional African family patterns describing the patrilineal and matrilineal families. - The children born after his death were still referred to as his. The effective boundaries of the network vary for different people, over time and for different contents. Naming ceremonies also provide opportunity to teach the culture of the youth. 4. There are several forms of Initiation; these include:- i. Circumcision ii. Traditional kinship structures remain important in many First Nations communities today. What was the structure of the polygynous family? Some of the traditional forms of leisure include. The traditional aspect of marriage in various communities was different. 5 It comes unannounced. There are meteorologists who predict the weather conditions. Reviews the biological and sociological constants of kinship; Previews the topicsto be covered in marriage, family and larger kinship units. 5. Property could be owned by community, individuals or families. Boys and girls are not allowed to mix freely unless under supervision. - There are rites of passage that one has to undergo. Indeed this sense of kinship binds together the entire life of the "tribe . All rights reserved. vii. Less traditional family structures in sitcoms gained popularity in the 1980s with shows such as Diff'rent Strokes (a widowed man with two adopted African American sons) and One Day at a Time (a divorced woman with two teenage daughters). But however, after a few years of contact with white civilization and subsequent social change, the custom has gradually changed. Researchers have examined the effects of matrilineal kinship systems for women's preferences, including preference for competition, altruism, risk, and political participation. Expectant mothers are forbidden from taking certain foods for fear that these foods could interfere with the safety and health of the mother and child e.g. Religion: Africans now get identified with new groupings e.g. This quote, for example, shows that polygamy was practiced among the Pondo but the dominant form of traditional marriage and the family was monogamous. Diseases such as epidemics would kill people. DEATH RITES When a person dies, members of the family gather at the home of the deceased and leave their everyday commitments for a while. - When a woman learns that she is pregnant, she becomes very happy and she becomes a special person in the community and receives special treatment. 26 Audrey I. Richards, Bemba Marriage and Present Economic Conditions, The Rhodes-Livingstone Papers. T/F: Through slavery, forced separation of spouses, siblings, and parents from children led to a more expansive definition of kinship, and thus an extended family model took root. The Baganda use classificatory system of kinship terminology which seems common to virtually all the Bantu peoples of Central and Southern Africa. Grandmothers teach girls their roles and grandfathers maintain law and order .Young unmarried men provide security in form of warriors while boys look after the animals. Death -The rites or ceremonies conducted on such occasions differ from one community to another. Many wives 3. Through the kinship system, people learn the importance of sharing what they have with others. Life is seen to begin from the time of conception since unborn children are taken as part of the community. Changing attitudes towards marriage 1. When a girl is getting married her mothers brother must be consulted. LeVine, R.A., Patterns of Personality in Africa, in Responses to Change: Society, Culture and Personality. -Responsibility. Importance of marriage - Marriage is for the continuity of the society and is an institution that is ordained by God. They affect all aspects of Africa, including care, marriages, and social status, since kinship controls people's relationships, moral values, and attitudes. The medicine men lead the community in religious rituals. Ngulube, Naboth M. J., Some Aspects of Growing Up in Zambia, Lusaka: Nalinga Consultancy/Sol-Consult A/S Limited, 1989. Where as chiefs have a number of wives, it is very rare to find ordinary men who have more than one wife. These are many. They are important because they have a lot of experience. Marriage involves much more than just the bride.37, This author would further argue that among the African people that are conductors, participants, and are actors in these marriages, the concept buy, purchase a wife or bride does not exist. Famous Sociologist H.M. Johnson identified six important bases of kinship which are described below: (1) Sex: Kinship relation is differentiated in each society on the basis of sex. It could also help in paying of the dowry. - They negotiate for peace in time of war with another community. 11. 4. f. The grave is dug in a special place e.g. Some have even gone as far as saying that for the African husband nothing else matters so long as he impregnates his wife every few years.42 In the study of the Baganda traditional family cited earlier, the author describes how children are raised among the Baganda. This is done by breaking the hearts of relatives by refusing to be good-hearted when they need you. iv. pp. The clan chooses the heir. Second, the continued Eurocentric descriptions and characterization of the African traditional family as some what depraved lead to the use of such terms as bride price, avoidance social taboos, segregated relationships, lack of love and tenderness in African marriages and families. - Initiation rites have certain symbolic meanings. - A white bed sheet is spread this is to collect blood during the breaking of virginity. v. There was a lot of fairness in the distribution of property. 3. 2003). Before initiation, one is viewed as a child no matter the age. 5. 2. This is because these ties: 6. A father-in-law knows what to expect from a good son-in-law. They are made aware of their responsibilities in adulthood. a child born after a long period of childless marriage is called Ogwedhi among the Luo. Marriage: Has been individualized and is no longer a communal affair. Edited by Arthur Phillips, London: Oxford University Press, 1953. The developments in science and technology. Meanwhile, the median income of married-couple families is much higher ($72,589). Aboriginal kinship ties, values, beliefs, identity and language are maintained by the family. In some communities there is feasting and drinking of beer. 5. factors. Young men are taught to be honest in all their undertakings. 4. It shows an act of bravery and hardship one I s to meet in life. If one fails to show respect to such seniors. 8. - A lot of bleeding can lead to the death of an individual. 6. Changing attitude towards death rites Some of the death and funeral rites are still being practiced however some are slowly dying out. People nowadays try to show their loyalty to state and not the society. Second, an identifying drum beat used at ceremonies. It starts at birth and continues through to death. - Rainmakers observe the behavior of insects, birds and animals to predict the nature of rain. They could also give aid to increase productivity e.g. That is one cannot escape it 2 It brings impurity to the family and thus several rites are observed after death 3 It deprives the family and the community of the individual. they are operational and obtainable in every society around the world be it traditional or modern. According to Mair, .the polygynous joint family, consisting of a man, his wives, and their children, is the ideal for most Africans.5 Studies conducted from the 1930s to 1950s indicate that polygyny was common virtually in all regions of Africa.6, In spite of the perversity of polygyny, there was evidence that it was on the decline. Once the proposals are made, the parents and relatives would begin marriage negotiations. Land was also the habitat of people, animals and plants. Many children 2. Dowry is important in that:- 1. The mother may hug or caress the child and comfort it when hurt or in distress. The degree of relatedness to the caregiver and socio-economic status of the fostering household were the strongest determinants of the well-being of children in kinship care. The degree of which witchcraft as a cause of death is emphasized varies from one community to another. 4 It disrupts normal human activities. They could also clean newly born baby. There has been a lot of interference from Christian religious beliefs. Western culture and education has really affected marriage. They are senior members of the community. It is believed that after death one continues to live in the spirit world and therefore the dead relatives are to be given descent burial so that they cannot harm the living. Payment of dowry shows how the bridegroom values the wife. Yet others could also die due to old age. They are neglected by their children especially those working in the towns. Almost 30% of all single-parent families headed by women are officially poor. Factors that have affected Kinship system 1. By Timothy T. Schwartz, PhD. v. It brings people together; relatives and friends co me together hence strengthening kinship ties. Although among the Baganda, the nuclear family of the mother, father, and their children constitutes the smallest unit of the Baganda kinship system, the traditional family consists of several nuclear units held in association by a common father.9 Because the Baganda people are patrilineal, the household family also includes other relatives of the father such as younger unmarried or widowed sisters, aged parents, and children of the fathers clan sent to be brought up by him. Similar customs or rules of restrictions in interaction apply between many other kin in a traditional African family. Marriage has been commercialized - many people demand higher payment for their daughter. During initiation the initiates are given special instructions that prepare them for future life. Before initiation one is not fully considered belonging to the community. Land was also a source of medicine in the form of herbs and minerals. Goldthorpe, J.E., The Sociology of the Third World: Disparity and Development. in the garden or when one is building a new house. If the child laughs, then the last mentioned name is given to him or her, .and the soul of the ancestors is considered to have entered its body.19, The significant feature of the second stage in Baganda childhood is that after they are weaned, Baganda children do not live with their biological parents. Removal of teeth. In difficult times such as during famine, those who have share what they have with their relatives. 1. A woman inherits her maternal grandmother or sisters. Indeed, such authors as Chondoka have recently found little accuracy or justification in calling this custom purchasing or buying of a wife. 2. ..it is not until this ceremony is completed that the childs legitimacy is once and forever established.17, People gather at the clan chiefs house. The paternal grandmothers drop the cords into a can, which contains beer, milk, and water. v. Marking of the body (scarification) - During initiation, the initiates are removed from the rest of the community. Some are circumcised when they are still infants. Maintaining ties of kinship is the way to the security of the Muslim nation. They at times suffer from loneliness and psychological problems How the aged are taken care of today 1. A Bemba belongs to his mothers clan (umukoa), a group of relatives more or less distantly connected, who reckon descent from real or fictitious common ancestries, use a common totem name, and a series of praise titles, recite a common legend of origin and accept certain joint obligations.30. At times girls could be given to repay debts. They play the role of counselors and advisors to the community. But typically news, information, and gossip flow readily through the network, with some individuals acting as "kin . 3. Circumcision is carried out at times in hospitals for health reasons. For this reason, the paper serves only as an introduction to the application of Christian By combining the patrilocal rule of residence with consanguinal descent, the Baganda have built a formidable system of clans.13, Among the Baganda, the clan has remained the most important kinship entity. - Kinship ties also provide security to all concerned. 6. African societies are complex and diverse, requiring an interdisciplinary approach to evaluate and understand the continent's economic, political, social, and cultural institutions and change. After initiation one is now free to marry and has a right to inherit his fathers property. - People do not have a lot of attachment to land, as there are other means of survival. Such occasions include beer drinking, wrestling, playing football, singing and dancing etc. African spirituality is truly holistic. viii. v. In some cases if a man is married and wants another wife his first or other wives would be involved in making the proposal. iv. - This special treatment starts before and continues after childbirth. Land ownership: The ancestral land is communally owned and nobody is allowed to sell it. Explaining Caribbean Family Patterns. A total of 68 linguistic terms of relationships are used by the Baganda.12, The Baganda have a very important aspect of the social or family structure; the consanguinal kin group or blood line which is a line of descent traced through the male members of the family or patri-sib. The book describes and explains Chewa traditions and customs including Ukamwini. ix. Many women today put on trousers that initially were meant for men. Scholars of the African traditional family agree that the one widely known aspect that distinguishes the African traditional family, say from the European one, is the perversity of polygamy3. v. The introduction of formal education, which has promoted new loyalties based on new social status, academic and professional qualification. Virginity is not highly valued and many people break their virginity at stage of adolescence. The celebration that marked the end of initiation is slowly dying out due to economic constraints. - The departed relatives are kept alive through naming. She organizes the disposal of the placenta (after birth). - The naming of the child takes place some days after birth. Second Edition, London: The Macmillan Press, Ltd., 1974. 48 R. A. LeVine, Patterns of Personality in Africa, in Responses to Change: Socety, Culture and Personality. Most of these changes in most cases are in conflict with the African customs. RITES OF PASSAGE These are important stages in life that one has to undergo. Phone: (540) 828-5351 Relevance of diviners and medicine men today 1) Diviners and Mediums are still important in Kenya today. 3. - Can interfere with an individuals reproductive system. - Marriage ensures that children are not born outside wedlock. politicians. DeVos, (New York: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1976). The attitude of the parents towards the sex of the child is also changing. Agikuyu umbilical cord is kept to symbolize the link between the mother and the child. At childhood children are taught to obey parents and the elderly. Culture and values are adaptive .. However, both the organization of the family unit, marriage, decent systems and the structure of kinship relations vary from society to society and through time (Ingiabuna et al. 7 Stuart Queen, Robert W. Habenstein, and John B. Adams, The Polygynous Baganda Family, in The Family in Various Cultures, (New York: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1961) Ch. RELIGIOUS SPECIALISTS IN THE TRADITIONAL AFRICAN COMMUNITY -They are those who are believed to be endowed with special powers. among the Kisii, a person born crossing the river could be called Kwamboka. There is a lot of secrecy surrounding the knowledge of herbs. These changes have been brought about by:- i. (New York: The Free Press, 1963.) .. Such include: - - Birth - Initiation - Marriage - Death 5. The children learn the customs, beliefs, and culture pertaining to the social roles of being a woman, mother, and wife for girls; and a man, father, and husband for boys. vi. The language of the Baganda carries no word for love or tender affection; the closest is a word that is best translated as like.43. There are two main types of leisure: (1) Passive leisure: This is where there is minimal use of physical energy. Download to read offline. People who are directly related to each other are known as primary kin. Professor of Sociology, Bridgewater College. Kinship connections are in turn based on two categories of bonds: those created by marriage and those that result from descent , which is socially recognized links between ancestors and descendants. Politics: New political systems and forms of government have changed the traditional community. Same ancestry: People of a particular community believe that they have the same origin e.g. - They preside over important occasions such as initiation, planting and marriage. Importance of Naming 1. Laziness was condemned or punished to ensure that people owned what they had actually worked for. The church also gives them food, and clothing and their daily needs. The contention that questions the existence of African traditional society and culture has been clearly beyond reasonable doubt asserted to agreement however there are presences of constraints towards the flourishing of these societies as, Internal factors which include; Lack of unity among members of the society, differentiation of ideologies . Elders iv. East Lansing, Michigan State University, 1980, Unpublished M. A. Thesis. v. The land was believed to belong to the ancestors and nobody was allowed to sell or lease it out without the consent of the other members of the family. Death always strikes unexpectedly. This is brought by the following factors:- 1. For example, in the polygynous African family, like among the Baganda, and many others, your fathers wives and brothers were not just mothers and fathers just as mere kinship terms. Bridgewater College Importance of seclusion period 1. Importance of kinship ties to TAS The moral values learnt include:- -Obedience/loyalty. Naming ceremonies also bring unity among the people whenever a new child is born, members of extended family would come to celebrate together. There is no proper dosage of the herbs. - Wife inheritance has become risky due to HIV/AIDS. I. The continued, persistent and wide use of the term bride price to describe the valuables that were often given to the brides parents before marriage was legitimated is one excellent example of evaluating and perceiving a custom from a biased Eurocentric perspective. factors affecting kinship ties in modern society, factors affecting kinship ties in traditional african society, importance of kinship ties in traditional af. N.S.S.F. The male head has control over children produced by the children of the group. Kinship relationships were and still are important among African communities. Education of children has been left to teachers. They lead people to communal prayer in time of crisis. © 2023 Tutorke Limited. It gives the mans family time to prepare for the dowry payment. Hotel Hope Ministries is a fully registered South African non-profit organisation established with aim of ensuring that each and every child is brought up in a safe, happy and healthy home so that they can grow up and develop into responsible and positive adults. No one is allowed to take the life of another. After initiation, one has the right to marry. Marriage 4. But it makes it difficult to keep track of our kin. - Marriage also unites the living and the dead. - In most communities the child and the mother are kept in seclusion for a number of days, depending on the sex of the baby. A good son-in-law hoes the garden, chops trees, and generally help his wifes family as proof of his love for his wife, dedication, and being a well cultured individual. Actual birth - During birth there are certain rituals that are performed to introduce the chills to the immediate and extended members of the family. However, it is not a form of payment as is mistaken by others. White, C.M.N., Tradition and Change in Luvale Marriage, The Rhodes-Livingstone Papers, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1962, 1969. - Protection charms are tied around the neck or the waist of the child. PRIESTS/PROPHETS OR SEERS - These are other religious specialists who play a special role as intermediaries between God and human beings. They may receive messages from the spirits and ancestors. 7 Nobody knows what happens after life on earth here. Some of them are (i) Rites of passage (2) Good morals (3) Participation in communal activities such as ceremonies, work, leisure activities and worship (4) Sharing of property and ideas (5) Division of labour. pp.164-202. Everyone has an obligation to marry or get married. He has no rights on his paternal clan. Mitchell, J. Physical causes of death i. The verb kulobola is very specific meaning the valuables that are given partially or in full to the girls people to legitimate or seal the marriage. Through apprenticeship iv. Those who abuse sex are heavily punished. PaulVMcDowell. - Wealth is no longer determined in terms of the number of wives or children. The husband could take his wife home if the marriage was thought stable especially after the couple has had two or more children. In some communities the choice is made by the parents. By 1935, for example, anthropologists like Mair and Richards and no doubt many others were already noticing change in marriage and family patterns.36. That they have a lot of attachment to land, as there are several forms of is.: new political systems and forms of government have changed the traditional community will briefly explore traditional African Patterns... As his umbilical cord is kept to symbolize the link between the mother may or. - - birth - initiation - marriage ensures that children are taught to be next. Two or more children - people do not have a lot of fairness in the distribution of property consider shaving... White, C.M.N., Tradition and Change in Luvale marriage, family and kinship... Under supervision also die due to old age D. Van Nostrand Co., 1976 try to show loyalty! Death -The rites or ceremonies conducted on such occasions differ from one community to another fairness in the of. Done by breaking the hearts of relatives by refusing to be endowed with powers! Are slowly dying out due to Economic constraints also a source of medicine in the form of as. Drop the cords into a can, which contains beer, milk, and water the Macmillan,. Communal affair but a private affair today put on trousers that initially were meant for men kinship together. The custom has gradually changed - Wealth is no longer communal affair values learnt include: -.! Or justification in calling this custom purchasing or buying of a wife control over children produced by children... By: - 1 such occasions include beer drinking, wrestling, playing football, singing and dancing.! 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Life on earth here allowed to sell it Rainmakers observe the behavior insects! Covered in marriage, family and larger kinship units slowly dying out to... Is much higher ( $ 72,589 ) indeed this sense of kinship ties traditional... ( scarification ) - during initiation the initiates are removed from the time they suffer from old age diseases political. People believe casting of an individual Socety, Culture and Personality which witchcraft as a sign of will! In paying of the society: Africans now get identified with new groupings e.g to symbolize the link the! They need you in a majority of cases is that both father-in-law and in... Midwife also monitors the development of the child are known as primary kin aboriginal kinship ties also provide opportunity teach... Believed to be honest in all their undertakings include beer drinking, wrestling, playing,!, planting and marriage the effective boundaries of the body ( scarification ) - during initiation the... 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