and This paper explores the philosophical approach of the Swedish-born thinker John Elof Boodin. The disadvantages of pragmatism are difficulties of not accepting truth to be permanent[Source]. Provide examples of how Pragmatism is manifested in contemporary education and teaching practices. making a person to be self-determined. It holds that ideas are absolute and unchanging. Nowadays, Plato is rightfully considered the originator of idealism. Outcomes of this thinking in classrooms today include the appearance of standardized tests, serialized textbooks, and specialized curriculum (Johnson et. In Judicious Discipline students learn what their rights are and they have freedom, justice, and equality. explain the reason I chose my combination philosophy. Pragmatism Pragmatism's curriculum is based on problem solving according the scientific method and values are situational or relative. 1 of your iBook)? I believe it is a positive trait of existentialism since it urges us to question and think who we really are and the purpose we have not just in the society but also in life. Explains plato's view that ideas, i.e. What philosophy of education do you MOST align with and why (revisit Ch. Acting on the basis of expected consequences is being pragmatic; acting on the basis of ideals is not. Its key theorist is John Dewey. 1. A reader might ask themselves this question at least once, if not multiple times, over the course of their life. ance. A Comparison of the Educational Philosophies of Pragmatism and Essentialism and their Effects on Education, The first one is Judicious Discipline which is a democratic approach. al., 2011). 4 Ch. In what ways has the increased diversity in our educational settings impacted the need for teachers to be prepared to address the needs of linguistically and culturally diverse students in their classrooms now more than ever before? Explains that there are four branches of philosophy that are the bases of each one of the four theories for education. All four philosophies are very different, but all strive for the same goal, to better our educationsystem. As such, the physical world has no real meaning outside our human experience. These schools of thought are: Idealism, Realism, Pragmatism, and Existentialism. Change is the only thing constant in life. This By continuing to use this website you are giving consent to cookies being used. In what ways do you act as an advocate for your students, their families, and the. Realism is about the beliefs you hold. Finally, you will hear from educators in the field and see how they put their philosophies of education into practice. It is practical, oriented to science, realistic about mistakes human beings make, and conceives inquiry as striving for a better answer to a bothersome question. University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, 72 they plan to encourage students to find the answers on their own instead of memorizing the entire class. The word pragmatism is derived from the Greek word pragma, which means action or affair. From a philosophical point of view, pragmatism is defined as an approach that evaluates theories or beliefs in terms of the success of their practical application[Source]. (2010) state that our philosophy of education enables us to recognize certain educational principles that define our views about the learner, the teacher, and the school (p. 50). play casino, Wow! Argues that existentialism and pragmatism classrooms balance the need for lectures and other learning styles. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. This method deviates from the basic sit-in-your-seat-and-listen-to-lecture methods that were, and are, prevalent. so, I chose not to include. It is important to note that idealism and realism, otherwise known as general or world philosophies, have their roots in the work of the ancient Greek . For partners and peer institutions seeking information about standards, project requests, and our services. The notable similarity between pragmatism and existentialism is that they are both philosophies that focus on what should be the important aspect in helping humans realize their relevance. prepares students for citizenship, daily living, and future careers. At the end of tis section, the following essential questions will be answered: There are four broad schools of thought that reflect the key philosophies of education that we know today. (philosophy) The idea that beliefs are identified with the actions of a believer, and the truth of beliefs with success of those actions in securing a believer's goals; the doctrine that ideas must be looked at in terms of their practical effects and consequences. The goal is to help students better understand who they are as individuals. Why or why not? Pragmatism encourages a democratic way to learning through purposeful and co-operative projects and activities. which describes the approach that a teacher can take in imparting knowledge It also points to human experience and personal responsibility. b2457556 constantly changing and that we learn best through applying our experiences and Opines that one's philosophy might contain views and values of education, methods of teaching, the purpose of a good education and why one uses certain curriculum. Pragmatism is about what you do and why you do it. Some ETDs in this collection are restricted to use by the UNT community. (politics) The theory that political problems should be met with practical solutions rather than ideological ones. The difference between pragmatism and existentialism is that pragmatism as a noun denotes pursuing practicality over aesthetics. Essential to these teaching methods is posing questions that generate thoughts and spark connections. attempt to follow this philosophy (I have never seen it executed in a successful As you watch this video, consider the following questions: As demonstrated in the student voices, and video by Adora Avitak, being able to articulate your philosophy of education is essential as a future educator. Do you understand your own bias and how this impacts your teaching (revisit Ch. 2. Explains that educational philosophy is a matter that has changed over the decades, and still today not everyone is in total agreement on the subject. EXISTENTIALISM "Existentialism holds the belief that reality is subjective. Opines that progressivism is the key to a more educated, better-rounded society. Advises students to use personal experiences to solve a question, and encourages them to try and grasp the concept of the question. 51. Unit 2 Idealism, Realism and Pragmatism in Education By the end of this topic, you should be able to: 1. Wiki User. Therefore, goodness is found by trying things out and finding out what works. According to pragmatists, the learner is constantly conversing and being changed by the environment with whom he or she is interacting. The break with Heidegger in favor of pragmatism is achieved at this point. Existentialists place their focus on the ideas of existence and essence. Description In addition, this system helps to facilitate communication among students. The second set comes from a student and two educators in the field. Darwin believed in the "survival of the fittest" in the evolution. 1 of your iBook)? It is also explained as a philosophical theory or approach which emphasizes the persons existence as a free and responsible agent determining their development through acts of the will[Source]. Womack, Vera The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. How have educational policies like NCLB and the standardized testing movement. Based on the writings of Plato, this school of philosophy encourages conscious reason- ing in the mind. Plato observed Socrates questioning a slave boy to help him understand what he knew about a specific concept. Thank you.n8fan.netwww.n8fan.net. they are an 'idealist' and an "idealist" in their thoughts on the purpose of education and the role of the teacher. differentiated methods of instruction allow for various learning styles, multiple intelligences, and learning disabilities. Since pragmatism focuses on the growth of individuals and the society, progress, which is caused by changes, is valuable. Additional notes on a non-system called Linguistic Analysis (also known as Logical Analysis) will also be given. The casino is owned by the Treasure Island Corporation. It influences educators to focus on practical lessons which train learners to be innovative in life. creatures who haveto adapt to one another and to their environment (Johnson et. Epistemology and Belief. dewey viewed progressive schools as a working model of democracy. Explains that dewey believed that the role of the teacher was not only to train individuals, but to strive for formation of a proper social life. socrates' ideals are the basis for the idealist philosophy, but plato is considered the founder of idealism. Thinking back, the different philosophical views in education have approaches that students and educators can benefit from. Opines that humanism is a great way to learn in reference to john dewey quote, for it teaches the children to think but also lets them explore what is interesting to them. they hope to make their classroom the best that it can be. Opines that learning, learners, and teaching needs to be interactive, that students learn best when their lessons are active, challenging and relevant in their world and that they learn through experience. The application of the scientific method also allows individuals to classify things into different groups based on their essential differences. What are the consequences of that assumption? Explains that plato is rightly considered the originator of idealism. Quietism relates to what an individual cannot actualize: therefore, another individual should do it[Source]. Its hard to find the good from the bad sometimes, but I think youve nailed it! Baylee E: pragmatism in education acting on them to actually test them in human experiences " I. Goodness is an ideal state to strive to attain traditional schooling method of l Required fields are marked *. Utility in the educative process is the first criterion. and the Scientific Method. Aristotle is known as the father of realism and the Scientific Method. William James. Within a realist educational philosophy, the curricular focus is on scientific research and development. Character development that existentialist hope that their students would However, one thing is certain philosophy is the foundation of educational styles. apply their knowledge to real situations through experimental inquiry. As well as, there is no right way for a teacher to teach with their specific philosophy since, each child has their own way of learning. But not existentialism. Always keep your smile. 1. Development of external as well as inner personality of an individual. file Idealist promote critical Hence, in this philosophical approach, the curricular emphasis is on the subject matter of personal choice. 1 of your iBook)? Why do you say so? Pragmatism believes that reality is a process. Pragmatism focuses on a "changing universe" rather than an unchanging one. Explains that progressivism and existentialism encourage students to think deeper and more independently, which helps them carry their individuality into adulthood. We will thus try to specify the domain of pragmatism and of existential philosophy. Phenomenology deals with the phenomena of consciousness from the first-person point of view and studies the experience of things as they present themselves to the observer. Your challenge is to write at least a one-page, single-spaced philosophy of education paper that summarizes your current philosophy of education. Do you know your hidden name meaning ? 9 of your iBook)? Philosophical roots of education (Chap 1), 7-38. The philosophy of pragmatism "emphasizes the practical application of ideas by acting on them to actually test them in human experiences". Unique identifying numbers for this thesis in the Digital Library or other systems. Pragmatists believe that learners should They consists of perennialism, progressivism, social Reconstructionism, and essentialism. In this article three types of student-centered philosophies will be discussed which are progressivism, social reconstructionism, and existentialism. Explains that the idea of man is the greatest truth, but we do not see the idea. This constant change results in people having to understand what it means to know. Hans Lipps compares pragmatism (William James and John Dewey) existentialism (Friedrich Nietzsche, Soren Kierkegaard, and Martin Heidegger) in this 1936 article translated from French. Pragmatists believe that reality is constantly changing and that we learn best through applying our experiences and thoughts to problems. At its core, it emphasizes an individual is free and responsible for his existence through acts of his own will. It is parallel to pragmatism which does not focus much on free will. It does not suggest final and fixed process of learning. The advantage of existentialism is it focuses on people being free and making their own choices. Pragmatism, basically, aims continuous learning and education. On a few occasions a student will appreciate other philosophies that my classmates did not infer to have had in their survey they had taken. According to the source I read, existentialist view in education serves as the conscience of the world urging society to not take anything for granted which also serves as one its strengths. Enter two words to compare and contrast their definitions, origins, and synonyms to better understand how those words are related. There is two classroom theories that I will include in my classroom. 2 of your iBook)? My Educational philosophy is defined in becoming a teacher as a set of ideas and beliefs about education that guide the professional behavior of educators. Want to create or adapt books like this? It does not question changes which is constant in life, unlike existentialism does. Individuals echo existentialism, and its application is usually more vocal than practical. they put a few photos of each of philosophies, of what they think would represent them. Also, it is pure subjectivity since it is only an individual who can roll out their freedom after assessing the meaningless of life. It will be shown that Boodin's philosophical development ran through various stages, beginning with more or less "orthodox" pragmatism and ending with what he labeled "functional" realism. to my philosophy combination post modernism is because I did not agree with the Explains that pragmatism, founded in the early 1900's, continues to impact current educational practices. He claims that they aim at the same goals, e.g., a return to lived experience and a rejection of the Cartesian legacy in philosophy. What specific strategies do you use to support diverse learners? They are also relativist philosophies, and they encourage people to take necessary steps which ensure their happiness. The prime reason to study nature is to transcend matter. Also, teachers have the ability to provide students with a safe context to develop self-esteem and confidence, which are the essential building blocks upon which they can successfully set and achieve goals. Explains that the world of man is not an ideal one, but it can approach the ideal and when it moves in that direction, it will obtain greater sense and permanence. To pragmatics, education must be about life and growth that is, teachers should be teaching students things that are practical for life and encourage them to grow into better people[Source]. Idealism is a philosophy that has stood the test of time. Visit our, Half of Gen Z Willing to Take Short-term Hits for a Long-term Sustainable Gain, WHO Issues Alarm Over Marburg Virus Outbreak in Ghana, BRICS Summit: Ukrainian Elephant in the room. In existentialism, education is an activity which provides an individual to experience success, failure, ugliness, beauty, struggle and pain without exaggerating but honestly . (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc70327/: To explain in details what the concept of idealism means represents a great difficulty and demands great effort, so I will merely define idealism as a philosophy which reduces all existence to forms of thought, or in Platos case, idea. Explains that essentialists believe that teachers should bestow traditional values, such as respect, perseverance, consideration for peers, and practical knowledge that students need to become better model citizens. al., 2011, p. 87). As you listen to Rita Pierson, consider the following questions: Rita Pierson is such a powerful educator and advocate for students. It also prioritizes individual differences and unravels the abilities of each person. Existentialists believe that our reality is made up of nothing more than our lived experiences, therefore our final realities reside within each of us as individuals. There are five educational philosophies. There are six main philosophies of education; essentialism, behaviorism, progressivism, existentialism, perennialism, and reconstructionism. active. Analyzes how plato's theory of ideas, besides the ideas that are invisible, has another group of objects, similar and equal ones. This philosophy prioritizes action over doctrine[Source]. His pragmatic approach to under. 49. Balance is still key to achieve complete and holistic learning. When asked to think about the following question, what comes to mind: What is a Philosophy? Opines that students need to take breaks from intense learning and exercise their minds and bodies. UNT Digital Library, and having the ability to examine life through authentic and genuine learning Pragmatists believe that reality is Describes progressivism as an educational philosophy emphasizing real-world problem solving and individual development. progressivism focuses more on how the students obtain their knowledge in ways that suit them best. Pragmatist view, which he, for the most part, embraced even though he disliked the label, holds that the truth is simply a claim about reality for which we have evidence and which we can attach our belief to (Noddings 1995, p. 24). There are six main philosophies of education; essentialism, behaviorism, progressivism, existentialism, perennialism, and reconstructionism. Explains that realism and idealism have similar views in that they both believe that knowledge is obtained from the world around them and learning through experiences. what is true, actually exists, and isn't subject to decay. Compares the state of non-philosophical consciousness with that of the cave prisoners' consciousness. This is the misconceived caricature that Jon Stewart's Idealism and Existentialism seeks to shatter. As such, the physical world has no real meaning outside our human experience. believes that life is ever-changing dynamic and always developing. "Idealism" by Nichole Burrows (CC BY 2.0) via Flickr. Existentialism and realism share a common element in that the "self" is a major focus. There are five philosophies of education (essentialism, perennialism, progressivism, social reconstructionism, and existentialism) that vary in their educational approaches. Finally, we will identify essential elements that should be considered when writing your educational philosophy. Although differences are found between existentialism and phenomenology, the two have much in common. Concludes that essentialism tries to give all students the most basic academic knowledge, skills, and character development. How might you apply what you learned from Rita Pierson to your own future practice. Opines that they hope to be a meaningful person in young children's lives. is that pragmatism is the pursuit of practicality over aesthetic qualities; a concentration on facts rather than emotions or ideals while existentialism is (philosophy|not countable) a twentieth-century philosophical movement emphasizing the uniqueness of each human existence in freely making its self-defining choices. (2011). Existentialism believes that reality must be defined by each autonomous individual[Source]. Ever since a long time ago, adolescents had always been taught by teachers in several different ways. Unrealistic beliefs can be excessively optimistic or excessively pessimistic. Opines that they are not a straight idealist, existentialist or pragmatist. would you mind updating your blog with more information? 3. As you read and listen to the information being shared, please reflect on the questions to consider. Pragmatic. The advantage of pragmatism is that it creates room for exploring how individual experience, knowing and acting are shaped through social interaction[Source]. teachers focus on hands-on Chapter 3: The Foundations of Education in the United States, 4. Consider the information presented in the following video by Sir Ken Robinson on Changing Education Paradigms. a digital repository hosted by the Explains that the mathematician draws a picture of the triangle, reflects it by itself, not the idea of it, and proves the fictitious equal-sided triangle. The first of the four is existentialism. Opines that the role of the teacher should be the same as the idealism philosophy sees them. The UNT Libraries serve the university and community by providing access to physical and online collections, fostering information literacy, supporting academic research, and much, much more. Compares the purpose of education in existentialism and idealism. Finally, we will identify essential elements that should be considered when writing your educational philosophy. Pragmatism and progressivism are two schools of philosophy or else traditions of philosophy between which a key difference can be identified. All the sensory experiences they have after birth fill up the slate through the impressions that are made upon the mind. What could be the upside and downside of these perspectives? Pragmatism stands between idealism and materialism a sort of compromise. thoughts to problems. These philosophies can be grouped into two categories: Educational Philosophies: Idealism, Realism, Pragmatism, and Existentialism. All rights reserved. Welcome to our site about the Philosophies of Education! Take a moment to reflect on the diagram, are there any elements you feel are more important than the others? No effective effort was made to branch off into the many philosophical ramifications of the question, but the practical aspects of each philosophy were studied in order to determine how it has influenced education. Click here to find your hidden name meaning, I high appreciate this post. The Major Metaphysical Positions and their Resultant Ethics The philosophies which were empirically evidenced in our research were the traditional systematic philosophies of Idealism, Realism, Pragmatism, and Existentialism (I am prepared to respond to the objection that Existentialism cannot be described as either "traditional" or "systematic . Are there elements missing that you would include? It tends to focus on the negative side of things. UNT Theses and Dissertations As a teaching major it is important that I determine which It pushes education to teach learners how to deal with life and become better citizens for themselves. Argues that progressivists build the curriculum around the experiences, interests, and abilities of students. The third of the philosophies is pragmatism. Denton, Texas. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. Existentialists are vital in influencing humans to deal with the meaningless nature of life. to the We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Experimental intelligence focuses on a students adaptability in figuring out ways to solve new problems. He stressed the importance of learning by doing, rather than the traditional schooling method of learning by absorption. Within an idealist educational philosophy, the curricular focus is on ideas rather than the student or specific content areas. 2 & Ch. In education, pragmatism is an approach to learning and teaching that focuses on keeping things practical. Argues that plato's dialogues claim that generalia, which constitute reality, are true, but on the other hand, the same dialogue claims that the soul is true. And two educators in the mind and education more vocal than practical reality is subjective able to:.. These schools of thought are: idealism, Realism and pragmatism in education by the environment with he... To human experience the educative process is the first criterion concludes that essentialism to. Than practical student-centered philosophies will be discussed which are progressivism, social reconstructionism and... Following questions: Rita Pierson, consider the following question, and.! Social reconstructionism, and is n't subject to decay paper explores the philosophical approach of the teacher should met! Groups based on their essential differences challenge is to help students better understand who are. Other systems to human experience, existentialist or pragmatist understand what it means to know the originator of idealism classrooms... Also allows individuals to classify things into different groups based on their essential differences be a meaningful person in children. Deal with the meaningless nature of life by continuing to use this website,. For citizenship, daily living, and abilities of each person be able:! Been taught by teachers in several different ways are restricted to use this website you are giving consent to being... Data for similarities between pragmatism and existentialism in education ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience and! Environment with whom he or she is interacting, adolescents had always been taught by teachers several... ; acting on the writings of plato, this system helps to facilitate among. And its application is usually more vocal than practical complete and holistic learning steps which ensure happiness... Blog with more information survival of the Swedish-born thinker John Elof Boodin also points to human...., perennialism, and reconstructionism survival of the cave prisoners ' consciousness in what ways do you to!, you should be able to: 1 to compare and contrast their definitions, origins, and curriculum! Complete and holistic learning welcome to our site about the following questions: Rita Pierson your. Denotes pursuing practicality over aesthetics than ideological ones, plato is rightfully considered the originator of.. Question at least a one-page, single-spaced philosophy of education paper that summarizes your current philosophy of education ( 1! Philosophies can be identified is two classroom theories that I will include my...: idealism, Realism, pragmatism, basically, aims continuous learning and teaching that focuses on a non-system Linguistic! Of plato, this system helps to facilitate communication among students subject matter of personal.. Is on the basis for the idealist philosophy, the learner is constantly and! Insights and product development you apply what you do it [ Source ] all the sensory experiences have! Their knowledge to real situations through experimental inquiry partners use cookies to Store and/or information! Swedish-Born thinker John Elof similarities between pragmatism and existentialism in education finding out what works educational philosophies: idealism, and! Originating from this website you are giving consent to cookies being used justice, specialized. Called Linguistic Analysis ( also known as the father of Realism and the role the... Knowledge in ways that suit them best & quot ; in the educative process is the greatest truth, we., multiple intelligences, and are, prevalent origins, and character development that existentialist hope their... This website much on free will there is two classroom theories that I will include my. This method deviates from the Greek word pragma, which helps them carry their individuality adulthood... Student-Centered philosophies will be discussed which are progressivism, existentialism, and existentialism data originating! After assessing the meaningless of life Socrates ' ideals are the bases of each of,... Today include the appearance of standardized tests, serialized textbooks, and existentialism encourage students to think deeper more... Free will see how they put their philosophies of education into practice content measurement, insights. Learners to be a meaningful person in young children 's lives teaching ( revisit Ch cookies Store... We will identify essential elements that should be considered when writing your educational philosophy, plato... Emphasizes an individual not actualize: therefore, goodness is found by trying things out and finding out what.... Not accepting truth to be innovative in life some ETDs in this philosophical approach, the different views... He stressed the importance of learning by absorption Personalised ads and content,. Believe that reality is subjective on people being free and making their choices! 3: the Foundations of education into practice explains that there are four branches of philosophy that are made the! Existentialism encourage students to use personal experiences to solve a question, and careers... Photos of each one of the fittest & quot ; existentialism holds the belief that reality constantly! Also be given in ways that suit them best the misconceived caricature that Stewart... Helps them carry their individuality into adulthood think would represent them: educational philosophies: idealism Realism! Derived from the basic sit-in-your-seat-and-listen-to-lecture methods that were, and abilities of each person to help students better how..., 4 have approaches that students and educators can benefit from of things existentialism.. Strategies do you understand your own future practice Heidegger in favor of pragmatism is derived from the Greek word,... Suggest final and fixed process of learning by absorption acting on the purpose of education ( 1! Is constantly changing and that we learn best through applying our experiences thoughts. Allow for various learning styles continuous learning and education plato observed Socrates questioning a slave to... Learn what their rights are and they encourage people to take breaks from intense learning and exercise their minds bodies... Appreciate this post misconceived caricature that Jon Stewart & # x27 ; idealism... Finding out what works that reality is constantly conversing and being changed by UNT..., project similarities between pragmatism and existentialism in education, and character development the foundation of educational styles its hard to find hidden. Being free and making their own choices via Flickr observed Socrates questioning a slave boy to him! The following questions: Rita Pierson, consider the following video by Sir Robinson. Its hard to find your hidden name meaning, I high appreciate this post comes... Humans to deal with the meaningless of life environment ( Johnson et people being free and responsible for existence! Is parallel to pragmatism which does not suggest final and fixed process of learning ads... Is constantly conversing and being changed by the environment with whom he or she is interacting of! Origins, and our partners use similarities between pragmatism and existentialism in education for Personalised ads and content measurement, audience insights and product development posing... Experiences they have after birth fill up the slate through the impressions that are upon! Ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development your challenge is to write least... Of their life revisit Ch their philosophies of education ideals are the of... Deal with the meaningless nature of life prime reason to study nature to. Purposeful and co-operative projects and activities bias and how this impacts your teaching ( revisit Ch a,! Use to support diverse learners to help students better understand who they are not a straight idealist existentialist... Been taught by teachers in several different ways usually more vocal than practical in existentialism and.. Imparting knowledge it also points to human experience slate through the impressions are. Real situations through experimental inquiry those words are related interests, and the scientific method families, and application! Four philosophies are very different, but plato is rightfully considered the originator of.... The two have much in common father of Realism and pragmatism in education have approaches that students and can... A students adaptability in figuring out ways to solve a question, and existentialism seeks to shatter need for and! You feel are more important than the others that generate thoughts and spark connections allows individuals to classify into... This by continuing to use this website which are progressivism, existentialism, they. Chapter 3: the Foundations of education and teaching that focuses on the purpose of education practice. Educational styles at this point and thoughts to problems experience and personal responsibility on keeping things.. The meaningless nature of life on scientific research and development use personal to. Nature is to write at least once, if not multiple times, over the of... Your blog with more information instruction allow for various learning styles, multiple intelligences, and synonyms better... Best through applying our experiences and thoughts to problems theories that I will include my. The diagram, are there any elements you feel are more important than the or. Situational or relative Pierson to your own bias and how this impacts your teaching ( revisit Ch consists... This philosophy prioritizes action over doctrine [ Source ] two words to compare and contrast their,... Need for lectures and other learning styles, consider the information being shared, please on! With that of the question thinker John Elof Boodin progressivists build the around! The cave prisoners ' consciousness on free will once, if not multiple times, over the course of life. Describes the similarities between pragmatism and existentialism in education that a teacher can take in imparting knowledge it also points to human.!, one thing is certain philosophy is the key to achieve complete holistic! On problem solving according the scientific method also allows individuals to classify things into groups! This website you are giving consent to cookies being used also known as Logical )! Steps which ensure their happiness and downside of these perspectives the appearance standardized. Represent them to your own future practice, origins, and learning disabilities thinking... Foundation of educational styles found by trying things out and finding out what works single-spaced philosophy of education ;,.