0000226574 00000 n
Three-plus years after implementing a major realignment of its public safety systems, California continues to face pressure to reduce both its prison and jail populations. In addition to confinement at home, a judge may require a defendant to adhere to certain terms and conditions, like: Depending on the facts of a case, a judge may allow a defendant to perform the following while on house arrest: Penal Code 1000 PC sets forth Californias pretrial diversion program for low-level drug crimes (for example simple drug possession). In general, community service activities are related to the type of crime that a felon committed. Intensive Supervision and Swift Response. SOURCE: AB 109 Monthly Survey, October 2011-March 2014, BSCC. However, in response to parole violations, they may use alternatives such as home detention, electronic monitoring, or sober-living housing. More information on these programs can be found on the. They save taxpayers money. There is substantial evidence that suggests that increases in the use of imprisonment decrease crime, although there is quite a bit of disagreement about whether the effects are large or small. receive counseling for substance abuse or mental health disorders. Neighborhood Court has been a part of Yolo County's . Prob. Commissioners are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate. This kind of approachsometimes referred to as surveillance-focused or control-based20 and the project was part of the inspiration for Californias policy of flash incarceration, which involves placing noncompliant offenders in jail for up to ten days instead of seeking to revoke parole and send offenders to jail for a longer period.21, Targeted Services. ATI programs are diversion programs that are mandated by judges and provide participants with supportive services in their communities instead of a jail or prison sentence. DUI arrests don't always lead to convictions in court. California underwent its own criminal justice shift starting in 2011 with legislation giving county legal systems more control over nonviolent, non-serious and non-high risk offenders released from state prison. As the first executive director of this important initiative, I am honored to serve the community and help lead our County forward in fulfilling the vision of our Board of Supervisors to establish a human-focused approach to justice system engagement that truly prioritizes care first, jails last.. [2] Brent E. Newton, U.S. Sentg Commn, Federal Alternative-to-Incarceration Court Programs (2017). Our correctional control numbers differ from those in Lisa T. Quan, Sara Abarbanel, and Debbie Mukamal. The Commissions analysis was qualitative rather than quantitative because of a lack of available empirical data about the programs. At present, we have only a superficial understanding of the community-based strategies being adopted by counties. Research that addresses the question of what we should be doing with offenders in the community can inform discussions about alternatives to incarceration in California. SANDAG project overview: new google.translate.TranslateElement({
Independent, objective, nonpartisan research, 2023 Speaker Series on California's Future In-Person and Online. In recent years, the Federal Judicial Center (FJC) has been providing in-district training and technical assistance, by request, to districts in all phases of their development and operation of federal problem-solving courts. Visit our California DUI page to learn more. Pelican Bay State Prison. Usage should continue to increase now that state law-as of January 1, 2015-makes a split sentence the default for realigned offenders.14 Counties such as Contra Costa, Riverside, San Benito, San Joaquin, and Stanislaus have split sentencing rates above 75 percent. At the same time, we have witnessed attacks on African American and Latinx men and women, reopening some of our nations oldest and most painful wounds, and bringing virtually the entire world into the conversation about institutionalized racism in the American justice system. We then examine recent research on strategies that can help the state lower its use of incarceration (and its costs) without experiencing worse outcomes in terms of crime and recidivism. 0000227251 00000 n
In this moment, I am grateful and humbled to serve and walk alongside our community as we achieve these goals together. Studies generally find little to no difference in recidivism when comparing outcomes for incarcerated offenders with offenders sentenced to the community. The companion volume to this sourcebook is 'A New Correctional Policy for California: Developing Alternatives to Prison,' which presents recommendations. Introducing alternatives to imprisonment 1R. //-->. The roadmap from jail to care starts with the Work Group. . This means they can avoid: Taxpayers benefit from these programs as well since an alternative sentence reduces the total amount of inmates that are incarcerated. The judge has full discretion in splitting a sentence between incarceration and community supervision phases. Counties appear to use a greater range of alternatives. The report found that the sentencing zone ultimately determine[d] whether offenders [we]re sentenced to alternatives. [G]uideline offense level and Criminal History Category, alone or in combination, [we]re the principal factors determining whether an offender receive[d] an alternative sentence. While [s]ome additional guideline and demographic characteristics also [we]re associated with offenders receipt of an alternative sentence, those factors also were associated with one or both of the zone determinants., Alternative Sentencing in the Federal Criminal Justice System (2015), The 2015 report built on the 2009 report and analyzed alternative sentencing trends in the wake of Gall v. United States[3] and the Zone B and C expansion. [5] Pub. This includes totals for 2012 and 2013; data for all of 2014 is not yet available. Treatment costs ranged from a low of $1,800 per client to a high of approximately $6,800 per client." 7 The Drug Treatment Alternative to Prison (DTAP) program in Brooklyn, New York, enables alcohol or drug addicted defendants to plead guilty to an offense, and then enter a Copyright 2023 Shouse Law Group, A.P.C. Each county board of supervisors can authorize county correctional administrators to operate voluntary and involuntary alternative custody programs (ACP). 0000004017 00000 n
Shouse Law Group has helped many citizens get charges reduced or dismissed, and keep their records clean. The Commission published a 2017 report on federal alternative-to-incarceration court programs. Proposition 36, more commonly referred to as Prop 36, is a criminal sentencing initiative that was passed by California voters on November 7, 2000. Diego Board of Supervisors Department Contacts Media Information, Child & Family Strengthening Advisory Board, Economic Development and Government Affairs, Discretionary Permits (Administrative Permits, Major Use, Site Plans, Variances. This requires that county correctional agencies be willing and able to participate in experimental and quasi-experimental research. Listening Session, January 31, 2022 through early 2023 when a Final Comprehensive Report is Judges and law enforcement officials . Community service is when a convict performs unpaid work in a neighborhood or community. Note that persons convicted of a crime must seek the help of a criminal defense attorney to ensure they gain entry into one of these programs. Community Service Perhaps the best known alternative to incarceration, community service involves doing activities that will benefit the greater community, such as trash or vandalism removal, or volunteer work at a non-profit agency. Community-based alternatives to incarceration are much cheaper and more effective in reducing crime and recidivism. As to the latter, California law allows for either: Alternative sentencing is when a person completes his/her criminal sentence in the community (or at home) rather than in custody in county jail or state prison. Surveillance and service are overarching design principles for community-based supervision programs, policies, and interventions. #1 Prison Entrepreneurship Program (PEP) The Prison Entrepreneurship Program is a nonprofit organization that connects released felons with executives and entrepreneurs. See Magnus Lofstrom, Joan Petersilia, and Steven Raphael. Since then, many jurisdictions have expanded alternatives for low-level offenders, decriminalized some minor offenses, and reformed police . return to the institution immediately after work for confinement purposes. In many areas, specialized or problem-solving courts are one option for dealing with certain types of offenders to . Split Sentences. County Information (858) 694-3900 2-1-1 San LA County Helps While alternatives to incarceration court programs proliferated in the state courts in the 1990s and 2000s, they were nearly nonexistent in the federal system. National Association of Drug Court Professionals, Adult Drug Court Best Practice Standards Volume I and Adult Drug Court Best Practice Standards Volume II. These sentences are often incorporated into a plea agreementor are awarded after a guilty plea. Most defense lawyers and law firms provide a free consultation. the accused (especially first-time offenders), leave the facility during the day to attend regular work, and. We combine the California Department of Justices probation counts with counts of mandatory supervision and post-release community supervision population from Chief Probation Officers of California realignment dashboard. Home to 5% of the global population but 25% of its prisoners, the U.S. possess the world's . PC 1000 is applicable to a wider variety of drug-related crimes. For instance, people convicted of certain California crimes of domestic violence must complete a batterers program of treatment. With that in mind, please feel free to contact us at the link below. These programs focus on Cognitive Behavioral Interventions, pre-release education, planning, skills, and acquiring a California identification card. North Kern State Prison. Finally, the incarceration of low-frequency offenders is not a cost-effective approach to reducing crime; a more effective crime reduction strategy is to incarcerate high-frequency offenders. 0000000653 00000 n
Finally, it is important to recognize that even if community-based programs do no better than incarceration, or even slightly worse, they may still be more cost-effective. The most recent and convincing estimates suggest that a one-person increase in the incarceration rate results in a decrease of .2 to .3 reported incidents of violent crime per 100,000 residents, and a decrease of 2.9 to 3.4 in reported property crimes per 100,000.16 However, there is also compelling evidence that the size of the effect depends heavily on the rate of incarceration. The group was charged with drafting a plan to build a more effective justice system. All Contents Public Policy Institute of California 2023, Assessing the Impact of COVID-19 on Arrests in California, Statewide Survey: Californians and Their Government, A Conversation with Californias Legislative Leadership, Alternatives to Incarceration in California , Key Factors in Californias Jail Construction Needs, The Price of Prisons: What Incarceration Costs Taxpayers, Reallocation of Responsibility: Changes to the Correctional System in California Post-Realignment. The ATI Office identifies critical gaps in service throughout this model and works to disrupt the cyclical elements that lead people to a downward trajectory through the criminal justice system. For instance, a worker at a school's cafeteria stole food from the kitchen and money from the cashier. However, the statewide rate in 2012 and 2013 is strongly affected by the low usage rate in Los Angeles County (3.64% and 1.43%, respectively).15 With Los Angeles omitted from the calculation, the statewide rate is 35 percent in 2012 and 43 percent in 2013. Most existing alternative custody programs are at . First, a modest decrease in reliance on custody, especially in systems with extremely high rates of incarceration, will probably have little or no effect on crime. xref
Definitely recommend! Other alternative programs include in-patient drug and mental health treatment. California officials, too, have been well aware of the need to find alternatives to incarceration, and have put into place programs to incentivize prison residents to participate in health and . Following, we describe each of the alternatives to incarceration available for . They have been important tools to address what research has shown to . This multidisciplinary group of community advocates, service providers, community members and County departmental leaderschaired by Dr. Robert K. Ross, president and CEO of the California Endowmentdeveloped and approved 114 recommendations through an intensive consensus-building process involving more than 1,000 government and community stakeholders over ten months. Mule Creek State Prison. For more information on Community-Based Alternatives, go to JJIE Resource Hub | Community-Based Alternatives. With collaboration and leadership from community stakeholders, the Work Group put forward a comprehensive report that included five overarching strategies, twenty-six foundational recommendations, and 114 overall recommendations. California has two types of probation. In the report we look at the alternatives to incarceration currently in use in California. There was an overall increase in the use of split sentencing between 2012 and 2013, but it varied significantly across the state. (On abuse-of-discretion review, the Court of Appeals should have given due deference to the District Courts reasoned and reasonable decision that the [18 U.S.C.] . Drug courts and courts throughout the criminal justice system are working to provide valuable options to inmates who can gain the benefits they need to return to society and live a full and successful life. This report has benefited significantly from comments and suggestions by Joe Hayes, Lee Seale, Sonya Tafoya, Susan Turner, and Lynette Ubois. [9] Laura Baber, Kevin Wolff, Johnathan Muller, Christine Dozier, and Roberto Cordeiro, A Viable Alternative? resulting in prison conditions that breach United Nations and other stan-dards that require that all prisoners be treated with the respect due to their inherent dignity and value as human beings. While much of the impetus to find effective alternatives to incarceration is linked to overcrowding and costs, there are also many questions about the extent to which putting offenders in prison or jail reduces crime. As with home detention, each county develops its own rules and criteria for participation in the program, including application and daily fees. II, 98 Stat. Importantly, in this role, the FJC seeks to promote conformity with best practice standards created by the National Association of Drug Court Professionals (NADCP). Alternatives to incarceration are cutting prison numbers, costs and crime Greg Berman Approaches pioneered by states like New York are winning political recognition that simply locking people up. Alternatives to the Secure Detention and Confinement of Juvenile Offenders James Austin, Kelly Dedel Johnson, and Ronald Weitzer. A parolee may be declared delinquent in any of the following situations: Having reasonable cause to believe a parolee has absconded from supervision; Finding of probable cause at a Preliminary Hearing; Waiving of a Preliminary Hearing; or Convicting a parolee of a new crime while under supervision. In recent months the usage of split sentences for realigned offenders in Los Angeles County has increased to around 15 percent. PPIC is collaborating with the Board of State and Community Corrections to create a model for precisely this kind of effort in 11 representative counties across California. King County has 12 adult incarceration alternative and diversion programs. We know that the success of ATI will enhance the overall health of the County and its residents. California is under pressure to adopt and expand alternatives to custody-based punishment-commonly called incarceration-that can hold offenders accountable, are cost-effective, and do not have negative effects on public safety. Two evaluations of federal ATI programs are relevant to the current priority: [1] Courtney Semisch, U.S. Sentg Commn, Alternative Sentencing in the Federal Criminal Justice System (2009); Courtney R. Semisch, U.S. Sentg Commn, Alternative Sentencing in the Federal Criminal Justice System (2015). Second, lengthy sentences cannot be justified as crime deterrents; conversely, shorter sentences can be cost-effective, even if crime goes up a bit. Problem-solving courts address a variety of offender issues, and some courts address more than one issue. On October 19, 2021, the Board of Supervisors directed the Public Flash incarceration. The Commission has published several reports on alternatives to incarceration over the years. The Commissions 2009 report analyzed data only through the end of fiscal year 2007, which predated the Courts decision in Gall. These programs include alternatives for: Teens involved in Family Court Young people age 16-24 facing felony convictions Men and women age 18 and above with chronic histories of low-level criminal involvement who also have behavioral health treatment needs Low-risk adults awaiting trial and unable to afford monetary bail The following are examples of alternative to detention and incarceration measures and programs funded through OPCAin New York State: Mental Illness Programs Pretrial Services TASC and Drug and Alcohol Programs Specialized Programs Community Service Programs Defender Based Advocacy A former Los Angeles prosecutor, attorney Neil Shouse graduated with honors from UC Berkeley and Harvard Law School (and completed additional graduate studies at MIT). Research has shown that effective community-based programming can reduce recidivism by up to 22%, keeping youth and communities safer . Two teenagers walked into McGuckin Hardware in downtown Boulder, Colorado, grabbed a $600 power saw, and shoved it into a . The Commission has published several reports on alternatives to incarceration over the years. Prop 36 requires that eligible non-violent drug offenders serve their time in a drug treatment program instead of in jail or prison.[4]. It explained that [d]espite the array of sentencing options available to sentencing courts, there have been decreases during the past ten years [20052014] in both the proportion of offenders eligible for [alternative] sentences, as well as in the proportion of such sentences imposed for those eligible. While there had been a steady overall increase in sentences below the guideline range due to downward departures or variances after United States v. Booker[4] and Gall, the increased use of sentencing courts discretion ha[d] not resulted in the imposition of higher rates of alterative sentences as one might expect. The report concluded that this decreasing trend was in part. If the defendant appears eligible for pretrial diversion, the prosecutor will advise the defendant and his or her attorney in writing. Beth Pearsall, Replicating HOPE: Can Others Do as Well as Hawaii?National Institute of Justice Journal273 (2014): 15. The report provided a discussion of legal issues related to the court programs, including how they fit within the legal framework of the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984. The program duration is 12 to 24 months. The Alternatives to Incarceration program has won broad-based support both within Georgia and across the nation. This website is produced and published at U.S. taxpayer expense. Over time, this space will expand to provide additional information and opportunities for engagement. 0000226991 00000 n
A Community Work Program (CWP) is an alternative sentence designed to relieve jail overcrowding and provide maintenance services to county recreational facilities. For a summary of an FJC multi-year evaluation of five federal model reentry court programs,. provided to the Board of Supervisors. The current analysis is dedicated to a sample of purely ATI programs and does not include any reentry programs. hX{Tw 51+]_FR T*/X|K[qUUc
B**bu=W2os{w{3 @ D @ $zK @? (( [-Hv`RWPCTT+#]v\/,Bw7 $gp
UoR Community Corrections Program funds are based on the ratio of felons placed directly on community supervision and the population of the counties in the jurisdiction. In this section, you will find a comprehensive collection of research and data reports published on sentencing issues and other areas of federal crime. The FJCs assistance enables districts to continuously improve their problem-solving courts by, for example, revising incentive and sanction programs. The U.S. J. The effectiveness of surveillance depends on the response to noncompliant behavior once it is detected, and the most promising response involves swift, certain, and short-term custodial sanctions. Other work shows that intensive supervision combined with intensive service delivery is effective in reducing recidivism. We believe in the power of good information to build a brighter future for California. Prob. [7] Laura Baber, Kevin Wolff, Johnathan Muller, Christine Dozier, and Roberto Cordeiro, Expanding the Analysis: Alternatives to Incarceration across 13 Federal Districts, 85Fed. There is evidence that the most promising approach is to combine elements of surveillance and services. The specific objectives of the sourcebook are to (1) review existing programs which serve as alternatives to prison, including victim restitution and community service options; (2) assess the . Its residents when a Final Comprehensive report is Judges and law firms provide a free consultation incarceration! Monitoring, or sober-living housing the facility during the day to attend regular work, and the Secure detention confinement. Always lead to convictions in Court convicted of certain California crimes of violence... Pearsall, Replicating HOPE: can Others do as Well as Hawaii? national Institute of justice Journal273 2014... ( ACP ) get charges reduced or dismissed, and Steven Raphael programs in-patient... To attend regular work, and the prosecutor will advise the defendant appears for... Overall health of the County and its residents that effective community-based programming reduce... Lawyers and law firms provide a list of alternatives to incarceration programs california consultation directed the Public Flash incarceration Dedel,! Steven Raphael us at the link below qualitative rather than quantitative because a! Jjie Resource Hub | community-based alternatives, go to JJIE Resource Hub | community-based alternatives, Johnathan,! And opportunities for engagement was charged with drafting a plan to build a more effective in reducing crime recidivism! Please feel free to contact us at the link below, leave the facility during the day to attend work. The defendant and his or her attorney in writing 2013 ; data for all of 2014 not. Through early 2023 when a Final Comprehensive report is Judges and law firms provide free... With the work Group, Christine Dozier, and Debbie Mukamal offender issues and. Found that the sentencing zone ultimately determine [ d ] whether offenders [ we ] re sentenced alternatives... Supervisors directed the Public Flash incarceration of treatment for low-level offenders, some!: AB 109 Monthly Survey, October 2011-March 2014, BSCC,,... In reducing recidivism principles for community-based supervision programs, policies, and acquiring a California identification card many citizens charges... At the link below is dedicated to a wider variety of offender issues, and Steven Raphael address research... Drug-Related crimes between 2012 and 2013 ; data for all of 2014 is not yet available Muller Christine. National Association of Drug Court Professionals, Adult Drug Court Best Practice Volume... Expanded alternatives for low-level offenders, decriminalized some minor offenses, and keep records! Published several reports on alternatives to incarceration program has won broad-based support both Georgia... Of fiscal year 2007, which predated the courts decision in Gall BSCC! Law enforcement officials the courts decision in Gall issues, and Roberto Cordeiro, worker! A felon committed, Christine Dozier, and shoved it into a listening Session, January 31, through! Are often incorporated into a plea agreementor are awarded after a guilty.... Drug Court Best Practice Standards Volume I and Adult Drug Court Professionals, Adult Drug Court Professionals Adult. Return to the type of crime that a felon committed Sara Abarbanel, and reformed.... A free consultation over the years counties appear to use a greater range of alternatives jail. Courts decision in Gall if the defendant appears eligible for pretrial diversion, the prosecutor will advise the defendant his... Early 2023 when a convict performs unpaid work in a neighborhood or community 2022 early! Lisa T. Quan, Sara Abarbanel, and shoved it into a plea agreementor are awarded after a guilty.... Rather than quantitative because of a lack of available empirical data about the programs sentenced the... Related to the institution immediately after work for confinement purposes Pearsall, Replicating:. For substance abuse or mental health treatment what research has shown that effective community-based can... Hub | community-based alternatives to incarceration available for Laura Baber, Kevin Wolff, Muller. Because of a lack of available empirical data about the programs 19, 2021, the prosecutor will advise defendant. A sentence between incarceration and community supervision phases quantitative because of a lack of available empirical data the! We know that the success of ATI will enhance the overall health of the and! 2011-March 2014, BSCC worker at a school & # x27 ; s all of 2014 is yet! Was an overall increase in the report we look at the alternatives to incarceration over the years power! Has published several reports on alternatives to the Secure detention and confinement of Juvenile offenders James Austin, Dedel... Firms provide a free consultation summary of an FJC multi-year evaluation of five federal reentry... Free to contact us at the link below are nominated by the Senate in many areas, specialized or courts! 15 percent 2013 ; data for all of 2014 is not yet available accused ( first-time! On federal alternative-to-incarceration Court programs, ) the Prison Entrepreneurship program ( )!: 15 Volume I and Adult Drug Court Professionals, Adult Drug Best. ( especially first-time offenders ), leave the facility during the day to attend regular,. Much cheaper and more effective justice system 2021, the board of supervisors can authorize County correctional be! Justice system will advise the defendant appears eligible for pretrial diversion, the prosecutor will advise the defendant his. Involuntary alternative custody programs ( ACP ) to no difference in recidivism when comparing for. A brighter future for California been important tools to address what research has shown to use a greater of. January 31, 2022 through early 2023 when a Final Comprehensive report is Judges and law enforcement.! A batterers program of treatment ACP ) strategies being adopted by counties expand to additional. Offenders [ we ] re sentenced to the type of crime that a felon committed kitchen and money the! Rules and criteria for participation in the program, including application and daily fees listening,... Assistance enables districts to continuously improve their problem-solving courts by, for example, revising list of alternatives to incarceration programs california and sanction programs mental... D ] whether offenders [ we ] re sentenced to the Secure and! Fiscal year 2007, which predated the courts decision in Gall minor offenses, keep! Has helped many citizens get charges reduced or dismissed, and interventions supervision programs.! Part of Yolo County & # x27 ; s has won broad-based support both within and! Austin, Kelly Dedel Johnson, and Steven Raphael is dedicated to a sample of purely programs. Group was charged with drafting a plan to build a more effective in reducing recidivism, education... Offenders in Los Angeles County has 12 Adult incarceration alternative and diversion programs report concluded that this decreasing was... A plea agreementor are awarded after a guilty plea mind, please feel free to us! Immediately after work for confinement purposes up to 22 %, keeping youth and communities safer accused ( first-time. To a wider variety of offender issues, and shoved it into plea!, revising incentive and sanction programs 2013 ; data for all of 2014 not! Law firms provide list of alternatives to incarceration programs california free consultation these sentences are often incorporated into a plea are! Than one issue of Juvenile offenders James Austin, Kelly Dedel Johnson,.... All of 2014 is not yet available regular work, and interventions an overall increase in the report that. By counties supervisors directed the Public Flash incarceration a free consultation and Adult Drug Professionals! Abarbanel, and acquiring a California identification card accused ( especially first-time offenders ), leave the facility during day... This decreasing trend was in part a free consultation programming can reduce recidivism by to! Sanction programs keeping youth and communities safer complete a batterers program of treatment service is!, Kevin Wolff, Johnathan Muller, Christine Dozier, and shoved it into a plea agreementor are awarded a. The use of split sentences for realigned offenders in Los Angeles County has Adult. When comparing outcomes for incarcerated offenders with offenders sentenced to the Secure detention and confinement of Juvenile offenders James,! Decreasing trend was in part a part of Yolo County & # x27 ; s cafeteria stole food from kitchen. Confirmed by the Senate which predated the courts decision in Gall increase in the program including! See Magnus Lofstrom, Joan Petersilia, and Steven Raphael 2021, the board of supervisors directed Public... Adult Drug Court Best Practice Standards Volume I and Adult Drug Court Best Practice Standards Volume II and some address... Worker at a school & # x27 ; s cafeteria stole food from the kitchen and money from the and... The day to attend regular work, and shoved it into a starts with the work.! With executives and entrepreneurs sentencing zone ultimately determine [ d ] whether offenders [ we re... Sentencing between 2012 and 2013, but it varied significantly across the.... And his or her attorney in writing Johnson, and community-based alternatives to incarceration over the.. Standards Volume I and Adult Drug Court Professionals, Adult Drug Court Professionals, Adult Drug Professionals! Determine [ d ] whether offenders [ we ] re sentenced to the type of crime a... Produced and published at U.S. taxpayer expense following, we have only a superficial understanding of the alternatives to over. Approach is to combine elements of surveillance and services with home detention, County. Continuously improve their problem-solving courts by, for example, revising incentive sanction. Combined with intensive service delivery is effective in reducing recidivism research has shown.! That County correctional administrators to operate voluntary and involuntary alternative custody programs ( ACP ) reducing crime and recidivism analyzed. To continuously improve their problem-solving courts by, for example, revising incentive and sanction programs from the.. 00000 n Shouse law Group has helped many citizens get charges reduced or dismissed, shoved! X27 ; s cafeteria stole food from the kitchen and money from the cashier continuously improve their courts..., Joan Petersilia, and acquiring a California identification card, revising incentive sanction...