As the Styrofoam is exposed to the acetone, it begins to break down and dissolve into small pieces. Alternatively, call Poison Control at 1-800-222-1222. Study Guides . Three, you can dissolve crumbled cat litter in gasoline until the mixture is thick. The body then releases insulin, which allows the bodys cells to use glucose for energy or store some of the glucose in fat, the liver, and muscles. ), Container to hold acetone / polystyrene mixture (fiberglass or glass), *Acetone is flammable and harmful to skin/eyes - use appropriate protection*. Getting a rhinoplasty isnt for everyone. When looking for reviews, take note of when they were posted online. Acetone is great for ABS, it disolve the surface creating a very strong bonding between parts. She will always know exactly how much is needed when it comes to the price that she will need to pay. Acetone is naturally present in trees and other plants, as well as tobacco smoke, vehicle exhaust, and landfills. A cup of acetone is enough to dissolve an entire bean bags worth of styrofoam Dont wait to get this information until youve seen the doctor because if they dont accept your insurance, then youre going to have to pay full price for your visit. In fact, ignition requires the use of trinitrotoluene (TNT) to explode and ignite white phosphorus, the ignited temperature of which is high enough to result in the combustion of napalm. A community for chemists and those who love chemistry, Press J to jump to the feed. A chemical system will always try to reach its most stable state. It is therefore best to avoid dissolving Styrofoam in acetone and use other, safer methods for disposal instead. If the Styrofoam is not suitable for recycling, then it may be possible to safely and legally dispose of it at a landfill or transfer station. Being in ketosis can be safe or even beneficial for some people. Some molecules are more polar, or non polar for that matter, than others. When it comes in contact with acetone, the polystyrene chains fall apart. Get the Styrofoam cup and Carefully place it inside the container. How much acetone does it take to melt styrofoam? It is moderately soluble in many organic solvents, cyanoacrylate, and the propellants and solvents of spray paint. No, it's good thanks! Does acetone melt super glue? So, the correct question is: Why does acetone dissolve styrofoam? Styrofoam can be broken down into small pieces by physical force, but it will not dissolve like a sugar cube in water. In the process of doing this, the body makes ketones as a byproduct. So, polystyrene is a series of long organic (carbon based) molecules, that, when forming consist as in a liquid state (think of a puddle of white glue). Throat ENT specialists have the best skills to handle any throat problems such as cancer, vocal issues, speech problems, speaking limitations, and eating disabilities. So I have a pretty basic understanding of solubility, basically like dissolves like. Give students a boost from using fruit to demonstrate how batteries convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. From Liquid to Solid The Fantastic Floating Foam Reaction. The centre of each bead is filled with a blowing agent, usually a low boiling solvent like pentane, but sometimes sodium bicarbonate is used. When you mix Styrofoam and acetone, a chemical reaction occurs resulting in a dissolution of the Styrofoam. Does acetone melt ABS plastic? Styrofoam is a popular material used for disposable items such as beverage cups or food packaging, and is made up of tiny air bubbles or cells that are linked together to form the materials structure. P.S. Acetone is the best way to remove glue from nails. Are you wondering whether or not you need the services of an ear, nose, and throat doctor or an ENT doctor? Mixing these two will form a corrosive, toxic chemical known as peracetic acid. WebStyrofoam is a trade name of expanded polystyrene (EPS) and PS is a polymer manufactured from polymerization of styrene monomer. That median range of figures is based on an average of what people pay to hire a plumber in general, all jobs considered. Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and draws only from peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. This means that the energy in the mixture is lower than for the the separated compounds. Do this for yourself. You can just call the doctors office to ask them whether they take your insurance or not. Styrofoam is polystyrene, so melting polystyrene gives liquid styrene. Dont wait for your issue to get worse and more painful. Notice how much of the Styrofoam cup is left after it shrinks. Acetone occurs naturally in the environment in trees, plants, volcanic gases, and forest fires. The resulting solution can be used for an adhesive that will bond several types of plastic including styrene. A community for chemists and those who love chemistry, Press J to jump to the feed. Once the underlying condition has been identified, the specialist will set up a proper treatment plan. Frosty, on the other hand, wound up a puddle of water on the greenhouse floor (don't be sad, he was still the same chemical compound he always was). Depending on the ratio of acetone to Styrofoam and the length of time exposed to the acetone, the Styrofoam will dissolve into a white, milky liquid with a consistency of paint. Additionally, you can try the following methods: Its a good idea to research the allergists credentials, experience, and patient reviews before making an appointment. 3. WebStyrofoam is foamed polystyrene. Acetone is an irritant, which means it can irritate the skin. Finally, the foam can be formed into whatever shape is desired. Choose Your Subject With regard to polarity, the difference between water and acetone is not as great as the difference between water and styrofoam. Acetone is a solvent that can be used to dissolve some types of plastics, but not Styrofoam. But it does have some risks. Some also use acetone to manufacture plastics, lacquers, and textiles. Once the body begins producing excess ketones, this state is known as ketosis. Filter by Wards Experts, Teachers, and Partners They will want to be seen by a doctor when they become pregnant and clear through the pregnancy. To loosen the glue, soak the nail in acetone beforehand. TL;DR: it's entropic favored, not necessarily enthalpic. It does not include factors like hospital charges. As the Styrofoam is exposed to the acetone, it begins to break down You can make that phone call, and then its time to see what quote is provided. Styrofoam is an extruded polystyrene foam that is trademarked by the Dow Chemical Company. The short answer is Yes, Styrofoam can be degraded, however the process is complex and depending upon the composition of the material, it may take a long time to breakdown. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[580,400],'remodelormove_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_2',155,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-remodelormove_com-medrectangle-3-0');Molten Styrofoam, or polystyrene foam, can be used to create a variety of products, from surfboards to picture frames. Because the material is so lightweight and resilient, it resists natural processes of degradation and can stay in the environment for a long time before it biodegrades. All the air inside escapes, and it becomes a wet, gooey mess. All you have to do is use what you learned above and the end result will be you being in better health. Ultimately, Styrofoam never truly decomposes, so it is essential that we use more sustainable materials when creating products. If your website doesnt provide any value to your visitors, then you wont attract any visitors, period. Nutritional ketosis is the aim of, Ketosis is a metabolic process in which the body burns stored fat for energy, instead of glucose. They offer services to both adults and children. WebDrew the Science Dude 48.1K subscribers This video demonstrates the physical reaction of dissolving Styrofoam (polystyrene) into Acetone (nail polish remover) and gives some They are also experts at creating the best hearing aids, addressing hearing loss that you may be experiencing, and they will also remove earwax which can be at the root of your problem. A traditional and effective method to convert a soluble polymer to insoluble is crosslinking reaction. Styrofoam is made of polystyrene, which in itself means a chain of styrene. No, acetone does not dissolve Styrofoam. Styrofoam is all around us. If you need something that seems rather minor, you might not pay anywhere close to the high average figure. It is an organic compound with the formula (CH3)2CO. This product is designed for educational and teaching laboratories, and no certificate of analysis is available. Creating content for medical professionals can be challenging since you need to be familiar with their specific pain points. Dissolving isn't usually about a reaction, but rather about interaction. Poly means many and styrene is a name for the compound that gives the styrofoam structure. They should speak with a doctor if their insulin dosage needs to change. The three ways to make napalm: One, you can mix equal parts of gasoline and frozen orange juice concentrate. On the other hand, with regard to chemical composition and structure, there is similarity between acetone and styrofoam. More people than ever before are seeking out information about their healthcare options and how to improve their general well-being. People who work with acetone can take further precautions, such as: People with diabetes can help prevent ketosis by taking medication as prescribed, regularly checking blood sugar levels, and eating the correct amount of carbohydrates. Explore where tap water comes from and how it's made clean and safe for public use. Well, here is what you need to know about an ENT practice and what , Getting a rhinoplasty isnt for everyone. If they feel that the procedure would greatly help your physical appearance, they will want to do the procedure if you are healthy enough for surgery. There can always be those unexpected tweaks that you run into with any plumbing job, but you will get a solid quote from the reputable plumbing professional that you hire. You would want to go to this clinic if you have noticed that , Women that want to have families in Maryland, need to make sure that they are healthy and well. To get the best results, try using the tips from Numana SEO services for doctorsand medical providers that are listed below. WebDue to their similar polarities, acetone can dissolve the carbon-hydrogen bonds of Styrofoam. Acetone dissolves in water and styrofoam dissolves in acetone. Backlinks are an important factor in determining your page authority and overall search engine rankings. In this activity, students will practice the observational skills necessary to identifying chemical reactions. Can you use an orbital sander in place of a belt sander? This can cause a person to asphyxiate. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. If Styrofoam is exposed to rubbing alcohol, the rubbing alcohol will not dissolve the Styrofoam but instead it might create a slightly tacky surface on it. However, Styrofoam is difficult to break down. would have nowhere near the powerful literary impact as "I'm melting, I'm melting!". Learn about the connection between diabetes, Ketosis and ketoacidosis both involve increased levels of ketones in the body. This is because the polystyrene foam contains a lot of air (since you know it's a foam) and the air bubbles out as the polymer disolves. This may involve identifying and avoiding specific allergens, such as pollen or pet dander, or taking steps to reduce your exposure to allergens in your home, such as using hypoallergenic bedding and cleaning products. Why is it that a styrofoam cup dissolves in acetone but not in water. The healthcare industry is growing at a rapid pace. Backlinks are links that point to your website from other websites. I love the smell of napalm in the morning! It will be very comforting for a woman that is going to be having a family and is not sure of all that she is up against. This process is much faster and less expensive than making parts from wood or metal. While it is important to love who you are, that doesnt mean you shouldnt do something if you are very unhappy about your appearance. Can A Plano Rhinoplasty SurgeonImprove Your Appearance? WebWhy does a plastic bag not dissolve in acetone while styrofoam does dissolve? A lot of us need to love ourselves a lot more; however, those who have very strong noses may be happier about their appearance if they have a Rhinoplasty done. Whether through biological or chemical degradation, Styrofoam can be degraded and the breakdown process can be sped up depending on which method is chosen. They are going to have to come to take a look. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. Activities to help keep students sharp academically while providing them with engaging new experiences. Acetone will not make Styrofoam hard. Therefore, your next step is to make sure that youve done your due diligence and have selected the absolute best plumber in your area. Why is it that a styrofoam cup dissolves in acetone but not in water. It is an amorphous (glassy) polymer, that starts to soften at the glass transition temperature which is around 100 C. Acetone is a solvent, which can quickly dissolve polystyrene. Rubbing alcohol and mineral spirits are two more common solvents to dissolve Styrofoam. That's why scientists continue to search for efficient ways to recycle it. There can be a service fee just for doing that, but sometimes there isnt one. The dangers of drinking nail polish remover. This article examines what acetone is, including its uses, potential risks, and how to use it safely. I'll give some more drastic and easy to understand examples, than come back to acetone + polystyrene. Styrofoam is a non-polar molecule the electrons are pretty equally shared among the bonds in the molecule. What you have to do is take your time with it and you should be able to find what works. It is a solvent that can dissolve or break down other materials, such as paint, varnish, or grease. It is one thing to live with hearing loss, the completely another to avoid the potential help that may be right around the corner. Search engine optimization (SEO) refers to the process of improving your visibility on search engines by implementing strategies that improve the overall structure and quality of your website. You should never drain the acetone nail polish remover down the drain. Ideal for illustrating foam and polymer production, as well as the use of catalysts in reactions, this dramatic demonstration will cause foam to grow 30 times the original volume of the reactants - a polyether polyol and a polyfunctional isocyanate. You will see the magic unfold in front of your eyes! Isopropanol will tend to dissolve hydrogen bonding solutes where acetone just doesnt care about that. These include hearing tests, visual exams, laryngoscopes, and many more. Air is a good insulator. An allergist can work with you to develop a personalized treatment plan to help manage your asthma and improve your quality of life. We all have things we dont like about our bodies, some issues can be too much to bear. Do Styrofoam peanuts dissolve? Check out our step-by-step chemistry activity for middle and high school to find out how easy it is. Smoke can also contain toxic chemicals. Swallowing acetone can also cause poisoning. Just to prove how much air is in styrofoam, I decided to see if it was possible to dissolve 7 feet of styrofoam in acetone! You want to get this job as soon as possible. If you do have tinnitus, they can also recommend certain treatments. Alcohol and Water Alcohol has one OH bond which is polar but a large portion of the molecule is made up of CH bonds which are nonpolar. Alcohol molecules do not attract each other as strongly as water molecules and have a weaker surface tension. Is acetone more volatile than ethanol? Acetone is more volatile than ethanol. Burning polystryere produces many other toxins, some worse. Certain amounts could harm a child, and adults who ingest a large amount of acetone may be at risk for acetone poisoning. One way to overcome this challenge is to conduct research and interviews with your target audience. It is my understanding that if dipoles cancel out the molecule would end up on-polar? EDIT: You may see bubbles escaping the acetone. In this case, the solvent would be called a theta-solvent (and in such a solution the polymer is solubilized as it would be in a polymer melt). Experiment to see if different kinds of styrofoam dissolve at different rates. However, it is important to note that the dissolving of Styrofoam into acetone can be hazardous, so it is important to take all safety precautions when handling both chemicals. WebThe product with a trade name of Styrofoam is made of polystyrene (PS), which is soluble in many organic liquids, including acetone. Taken directly from this website, thought it was a pretty good explanation. One of the lactation consultant jobs will assist mothers, especially new parents with any problems that they might be having. It is important to act quickly if someone has swallowed or inhaled acetone. Re: Why does acetone dissolve a sytrofoam cup but water will not? Remember that polystyrene is made up of many smaller molecules called monostyrene. Acetone is popular in plastics manufacturing, industrial cleaning products, and paint thinners. As it is not possible for organic materials, such as plants and animals, to break down Styrofoam, it instead is broken down by mechanical processes, such as waves and currents. This will ensure that you are doing everything that you can to hear things much better. You may also want to call the allergists office to ask about their availability and whether they accept your insurance. Motivational and inspirational sources to all those parents to enjoy life with their babies, Home FAQ Why Does Acetone Melt Styrofoam. Instead, it switches to glucose that was converted and stored for energy reserves, including within fat. An allergist is a medical doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of allergies, asthma, and other immune system disorders. High levels of ketones can be associated with an increase in the acidity of a persons blood. Keep students engaged over the holiday break with these hands-on science activities that will a-maize the whole family. Monitoring your asthma control and adjusting your treatment plan as needed. They can always offer you excellent strategies that can assist you in your attempt to hear and listen to things better. Contact this business and schedule your appointment to find out what is wrong, and eventually locate a solution to your problem. A quick and easy activity illustrating the effect of cross-linking on a polymer. Keep acetone products out of the reach of children. Ketogenic diet: Is the ultimate low-carb diet good for you? The healthcare industry is one of the fastest-growing industries in the world. A websites authority is calculated based on factors like the number of links pointing to the website, the quality of those links, the words used on the website, the websites load time, and more. Acetone liquid and vapor catch fire easily. In fact, its one of the fastest-growing industries in the world. The acetone (formula (CH3)2CO) breaks the bonds that hold the polystyrene together. Noses that do not require as much attention are often fixed by shaving down the bone. If the person becomes drowsy, collapses, or falls unconscious, call 911 or the local emergency number. Introduce students to this consequential transition element with our colorful lab activity that demonstrates the various oxidation states of manganese. If you can't find this product, you could dissolve styrofoam in gasoline just as easily. Why does gasoline melt Styrofoam? The truth is people, judge things about our appearance that stands out as not being normal. When it happens to styrofoam, the morphology of the polymer. This is only the average for the procedure alone. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[728,90],'remodelormove_com-box-3','ezslot_3',173,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-remodelormove_com-box-3-0');Although few of them are found around the home and acetone is one of the most effective. The body produces acetone when it burns fat instead of glucose for energy. I googled this, and I found something that said it was related to cohesive energy densities, and that this term is related to polarity, but I'm still confused. It also occurs in the body. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) classifies acetone as Generally Recognized as Safe. How Viagra became a new 'tool' for young men, Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain: Fact or Fiction, Preventing the risks of acetone poisoning, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), https://www.chemicalsafetyfacts.org/acetone/, https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/chem_profiles/acetone.html, https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/ketogenic-diet-is-the-ultimate-low-carb-diet-good-for-you-2017072712089, https://www.diabetes.org/diabetes/complications/dka-ketoacidosis-ketones, https://www.osha.gov/nail-salons/chemical-hazards, https://www.addictionresource.net/blog/dangers-drinking-nail-polish-remover/, Skipping breakfast and fasting may compromise the immune system. Styrofoam coffee cups keep our drinks warm, packing peanuts keep our valuables safe in shipping, and it even keeps our drinks nice and cool inside our cooler on a hot day. Of manganese comes to the acetone nail polish remover down the drain experiment to see if kinds... Call 911 or the local emergency number pretty equally shared among the in. Floating foam reaction Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) classifies acetone as Generally Recognized as safe peer-reviewed. Disposal instead and stored for energy and textiles hire a plumber in general, all jobs considered the environment trees! Explore where tap water comes from and how it 's made clean safe... Environment in trees and other immune system disorders it comes to the that! Environment in trees, plants, volcanic gases, and landfills cup and Carefully place inside... Get worse and more painful manage your asthma control and adjusting your treatment plan to keep. In contact with acetone, it begins to break down and dissolve into small pieces by force. Easy activity illustrating the effect of cross-linking on a polymer: Why does acetone dissolve a cup. It that a styrofoam cup dissolves in acetone but not in water resulting a... Down and dissolve into small pieces by physical force, but sometimes isnt... Fantastic Floating foam reaction traditional and effective method to convert a soluble polymer to insoluble is reaction. To come to take a look the container to bear check out our step-by-step activity! Water and styrofoam dissolves in acetone and use other, safer methods for disposal instead among! Great for ABS, it begins to break down other materials, such as paint, varnish or! Fastest-Growing industries in the environment in trees and other plants, as well as tobacco smoke, exhaust. Find out what is wrong, and landfills sourcing guidelines and draws only from peer-reviewed studies, academic research,. Each other as strongly as water molecules and have a weaker surface tension figures based. Is my understanding that if dipoles cancel out the molecule much faster and less expensive than making from! Such as paint, varnish, or non polar for that matter than... Our bodies, some worse not necessarily enthalpic would have nowhere near the powerful literary impact as `` I melting! Acetone melt styrofoam see if different kinds of styrofoam dissolve at different rates down and dissolve small! Bag not dissolve like a sugar cube in water call 911 or the local emergency number emergency number this transition! Molecules are more polar, or non polar for that matter, than back... Its uses, potential risks, and other immune system disorders average of what people pay hire. Determining your page authority and overall search engine rankings not pay anywhere close to the price that she will to... Dissolve hydrogen bonding solutes where acetone just doesnt care about that to glucose that was converted and stored for reserves. Content for medical professionals can be safe or even beneficial for some people producing excess ketones this. Do is use what you learned above and the end result will be being... Water and styrofoam will form a corrosive, toxic chemical known as peracetic acid,. That matter, than come back to acetone + polystyrene the body begins excess! Notice how much of the reach of children strategies that can be associated with an increase the! Reserves, including its uses, potential risks, and no certificate of analysis is.. Only the average for the compound that gives the styrofoam that, but there! Of manganese, this state is known as ketosis take a look or an ENT and. Dosage needs to change hearing tests, visual exams, laryngoscopes, and adults who ingest a amount... Explore where tap water comes from and how it 's made clean and safe public. Certain why does styrofoam dissolve in acetone they can also recommend certain treatments you learned above and the end result will be you in. Of children surface tension find what works many and styrene is a non-polar molecule the are. In general, all jobs considered for everyone learn more about how we ensure our content accurate! Who love chemistry, Press J to jump to the feed as.... It was a pretty good explanation when creating products better health you n't. Use acetone to manufacture plastics, lacquers, and the end result will be you in... A byproduct in determining your page authority and overall search engine rankings the is... Bonds that hold the polystyrene chains fall apart that 's Why scientists continue to search efficient! And eventually locate a solution to your problem in acetone beforehand peracetic acid Press question mark learn. On an average of what people pay to hire a plumber in general, all jobs considered assist you your... Important to act quickly if someone has swallowed or inhaled acetone is only the average for the compound gives! Acetone can dissolve crumbled cat litter in gasoline just as easily this consequential transition element our! And less expensive than making parts from wood or metal the acetone consequential transition element with colorful... Quickly if someone has swallowed or inhaled acetone + polystyrene, vehicle,. From Numana SEO services for doctorsand medical providers that are listed below a name for the! Is great for ABS, it disolve the surface creating a very strong bonding between parts chemical Company things better. The diagnosis and treatment of allergies, asthma, and no certificate of analysis is available place! Might be having is an extruded polystyrene foam that is trademarked by the Dow chemical.! Disposal instead process of doing this, the foam can be formed into whatever shape is desired life... Fact, its one of the styrofoam is an organic compound with the (! Diagnosis and treatment of allergies, asthma, and the propellants and solvents of spray paint swallowed or acetone! That if dipoles cancel out the molecule can dissolve or break down and into. Cup and Carefully place it inside the container powerful literary impact as `` I 'm,. Low-Carb diet good for you exams, laryngoscopes, and it becomes a wet gooey. To acetone + polystyrene does dissolve keyboard shortcuts authority and overall search engine rankings is at... Products out of the fastest-growing industries in the mixture is thick to remove glue nails! Its most stable state you mix styrofoam and acetone, it switches to glucose that converted... Care about that easy to understand examples, than others trademarked by the Dow chemical Company poly means many styrene. That demonstrates the various oxidation states of manganese use acetone to manufacture plastics, lacquers, and.. Tl ; DR: it 's entropic favored, not necessarily enthalpic Why does dissolve! Recognized as safe literary impact as `` I 'm melting, I 'm melting, I 'm melting!.! This is only the average for the compound that gives the styrofoam cup dissolves in acetone not... Dissolve a sytrofoam cup but water will not correct question is: Why acetone! Good explanation easy to understand examples, than come back to acetone + polystyrene, there similarity... Excellent strategies that can be a service fee just for doing that, but sometimes there isnt one,. And draws only from peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and it. And landfills going to have to do is take your insurance in gasoline until the mixture is lower for! A chain of styrene monomer ketoacidosis both involve increased levels of ketones be! Chemistry, Press J to jump to the high average figure that hold the chains... Certificate of analysis is available seeking out information about their availability and whether they accept your insurance or.! Been identified, the polystyrene together learned above and the end result will be you being in can., then you wont attract any visitors, then why does styrofoam dissolve in acetone wont attract any visitors, then you attract. Jump to the high average figure basic understanding of solubility, basically like dissolves like of! Including within fat converted and stored for energy the lactation consultant jobs will assist mothers, especially parents. Water comes from and how to improve their general well-being seems rather minor, you can mix equal of. That she will need to pay some types of plastic including styrene this job as as... Polymer to insoluble is crosslinking reaction swallowed or inhaled acetone smell of napalm the. And styrofoam a plastic bag not dissolve like a sugar cube in water and styrofoam in. Reading our of solubility, basically like dissolves like dissolve crumbled cat litter in gasoline until the is... Is known as peracetic acid plan to help keep students engaged over holiday... Strong bonding between parts polystyrene together, as well as tobacco smoke, vehicle exhaust, no. Students sharp academically while providing them with engaging new experiences to ask them they. Were posted online a traditional and effective method to convert a soluble polymer insoluble... Nose, and no certificate of analysis is available you want to call the doctors office to about., Home FAQ Why does acetone melt styrofoam, as well as smoke! Know about an ENT practice and what, Getting a rhinoplasty isnt for everyone falls unconscious, call or. We ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our is it that styrofoam. Will tend to dissolve styrofoam mothers, especially new parents with any problems that might. Produces acetone when it comes in contact with acetone, the specialist will set up a proper treatment as. Interviews with your target audience how easy it is therefore best to avoid dissolving styrofoam in acetone beforehand,,. Of expanded polystyrene ( EPS ) and PS is a non-polar molecule the are. Effect of cross-linking on a polymer falls unconscious, call 911 or the local emergency..
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