Moreover, the person who controls fewer assets in the marriage is more likely to have their participation predicated on arrangement (Hull 1989). 1965. Starkweather and Hames (2012) theorize that by practicing polyandry males are able to increase their chances of paternity in an environment where females are scarce. Exogamy is the practice of marrying outside one's group, clan, or kinship. Polygynous societies, particularly those with nonsororal polygyny, tend to be found in societies practicing patrilocal residence (Whiting 1964; White and Burton 1988) and also those having male-biased inheritance (Hartung 1982; Cowlishaw and Mace 1996). magic They could, but it is likely that both women might have babies at the same time. It is likely that originally exogamy evolved as a way to reduce competition among members of the same social group for mates and ensured that individuals had a larger pool of potential mates to choose from. As to why this might be, they point to two possible psychological factors. It maintains healthy levels of diversity in the genetic pool. Exogamy Our next governing rule of marriage is exogamy. Exogamy, also known as out-marriage, has been practiced by people in many different countries and cultures throughout recorded history. A sex-ratio favoring females can also be created by having older men marry much younger women (M. Ember 1984). Still, the individual tribe within the other totem (half of the moiety) is not controlled. Since pathogen stress is higher in tropical regions (Low 1990), this result may partially explain why polygyny is higher in such regions. The religion of Islam insists that daughters must inherit in addition to sons (although daughters receive only half the amount as sons). Try the world's fastest, smartest dictionary: Start typing a word and you'll see the definition. Pasternak, Burton, Carol R. Ember, and Melvin Ember. Noting that the Nimkoff and Middleton variables were weakly predictive, Pasternak, Ember, and Ember (1976) suggested that extended family households were better predicted by incompatible activity requirements, when, in the absence of hired or slave labor, a mother or a father cannot meet the role requirements for their gender in a one-family situation. A considerable body of research suggests psychological effects on boys of growing up in polygynous households, particularly if they grow up in mother-child dwellings where the father is relatively absent early in a boys life. The Standard Cross-Cultural Sample (SCCS) is a sample of 185 societies. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Why? carvings A prohibition on whom one can and cannot marry or engage in sexual relations based on kinship. 1972. It is very difficult for a man to have more than one wife living with him unless his wives move to his place of residence. Sometimes there is an exchange of potential spousesif a bride comes to the husbands community, it will be arranged that a female relative will marry into the brides community. patrilocal First, one would think there would be more conflict with limited breeding seasons. Very different types of structural factors may be related to divorce rate. And even on your fathers side, your patrilateral cross-cousinsyour fathers sisters children will not be in your kin group, since although the father and his sister are in the same kin group, membership is not passed through females. A strict taboo on premarital sex for women (Kitahara 1974). Finally, the last day consists of a ceremonial washing of the bride and groom to signify the washing away of all remaining traces of youth. The washing is followed by the couples hair being tied into a single knot (Geertz and Lomatuway 1987). (In contrast, bride price and bride service are directed at the brides kin, not to the bride or the new household). - Definition & History, Cultural Diversity Issues in the Criminal Justice System, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. With the click of a button, someone from New York can connect with someone from London or Tokyo. State societies are likely to have less male mortality because fighting forces tend to be specialized; therefore male mortality is less likely to be an important factor. However, Fraysers research does not attempt to explain the double standard for extramarital relationships between men and women. One exception from the past is the Nayar of the 19th century. exogamy, also called out-marriage, custom enjoining marriage outside ones own group. In other words, with dowry there is a downward passage of wealth. This has made it easier for individuals to meet and marry someone from a different culture or social group. These are most often the locus of exogamy; marrying a member of ones own clan or moiety typically constitutes a form of incest. And of those that have substantial economic transactions, bride price or bridewealth is the most common, followed by bride service. In about half the societies around the world (48%), parents or other elders play an important role in arranging a marriage; in the remaining societies, individual choice is the major way a potential spouse is identified. In such a situation it becomes interesting to differentiate between the close kin and the descent or lineage. Frazer[11] says that exogamy was begun to maintain the survival of family groups, especially when single families became larger political groups. In fact, there are strong taboos against incestuous relationships in many cultures. simple agriculture without the use of a plow (also White and Burton 1988; and Ross et al. In a review of the reasons given for divorce in a cross-cultural sample, Betzig found that adultery, particularly committed by wives, was the most common reason, followed by the inability of a spouse to have children. Given considerable jealousy, some anthropologists find it puzzling that polygyny is so prevalent (e.g., M. Ember (1974)). None of these traits are conducive to reasoned discussion, peaceful settlements of disputes, and agreement to disagree, which are critical to democracy. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Marxist anthropology Community exogamy refers to marriage with a spouse from another community; endogamy refers to marriage within the community. Why? This was in answer to the following question: Can a new mother feed herself and her baby at more-or-less the same time? Formal polyandry adds the additional criterion that the multiple men considered fathers live with the same woman. Sellen, Daniel W., and Daniel J. Hruschka. We do need to ask about other possible solutions to the incompatibility of a mothers feeding requirements and those of her baby, just as we asked of the other theories. It is most common among groups that reckon descent through either the father (patrilineality) or the mother (matrilineality) alone. In gift exchange, the kin groups of the bride and groom give each other gifts of about equal value. But if arranged marriage was the ancestral form, what predicts variation in more recent times? Regions with high incidence of endemic pathogen stress are more likely to have cousin marriage (Hoben, Buunk, and Fisher 2016). Bride price involves goods or money given by the grooms family to the brides family; bride service involves labor given to the brides family by the groom or his kin. Examine how exogamy differs from endogamy. However, sometimes parents still have to approve the choice. A single-parent, monogamous, or polygamous family that constitutes its own social and/or economic unit. But why polygyny? Using this line of reasoning, Boserup explains why societies with long-fallow agriculture, which involves rotating through relatively large tracts of land, is associated with polygyny compared with societies practicing plow agriculture on permanent plots of land. To be an extended family household, members need not live in the same dwelling. The female-biased sex ratio theory may also explain why polygyny is relatively rare in very complex societies. 2007. In fact, most of the time you'll find the word you are looking for after typing only one or two letters. Why? Why? The long dependency of a child is essentially the same problem as division of labor because having a young child makes it difficult for a mother to do all the needed subsistence work, particularly dangerous work such as hunting. Their main findings are. Edvard Westermarck said an aversion to marriage between blood relatives or near kin emerged with a parental deterrence of incest. Minocher, Riana, Pavel Duda, and Adrian V. Jaeggi. In addition, if women have very low status (and men have high status), adult women may have few alternatives to marriage. Founded in 1949 at Yale University, HRAF is a not-for-profit membership consortium of universities, colleges, and research institutions. 2018). Marriage is commonly defined as a socially approved sexual and economic union, presumed to be more or less permanent, and entails rights and obligations between the married couple and any children they might have (C. R. Ember, Ember, and Peregrine 2019). Similar to sexual restrictions on women, societies with a greater interest in the institution of marriage may be more likely to classify womens extramarital relationships as grounds for terminating the marriage. Hunter-gatherers in recent times overwhelmingly have arranged marriage (Apostolou 2007), strongly suggesting that it was probably the ancestral pattern in human history (Apostolou 2014). There also may be broader societal consequences. Little non-human primate babies can cling to a mothers fur as she moves about to eat, but for human primates bipedalism and the loss of hair made this difficult. Endogamous marriage is marriage between people of the same group - such as occurred incestuous royal marriages in history. 2004. Pearson, Willie, Jr., and Lewellyn Hendrix. However, in the modern world, people are increasingly mobile and interconnected. In some cases, the rules of exogamy may also specify the outside group into which an individual must marry. 1990. It is a legally recognized union between two or more people, typically involving a commitment to shared responsibilities and privileges. Complex societies tend to ave specialized or standing armies which means that male mortality in war may only be high among men in the armed forces (M. Ember, Ember, and Low 2007). Dr. Alston has taught intro psychology, child psychology, and developmental psychology at 2-year and 4-year schools. in agricultural societies where womens subsistence contribution is low (Gaulin and Boster 1990). Some of these are: Exogamous marriage is marriage between people from different groups, such as racial or religious groups. There is relatively little known about predictors of rules of exogamy and endogamy, either for the community or for the kin group. Second, and perhaps surprisingly, the findings regarding child dependency and sexuality were in the opposite directionthat is, those species with longer infant dependencies and more female sexual receptivity were less, not more likely, to have female-male bonding. Why? a sex-ratio in favor of males is associated with appreciable amounts of polyandry. non-classical polyandry tends to be found in small scale egalitarian societies that practice food collection and horticulture. This was especially important in times of war or conflict, when such alliances could mean the difference between life and death. While marriage is universal as a custom, some societies have few unmarried individuals; others have many more. Related findings are that a combination of patrilocality and patrilineality predicts more compensation to the brides family or the bride (Huber, Danaher, and Breedlove 2011b) and that bride price is more likely in patrilineal societies (Goody 1973). There are a wide variety of theories that have been offered to explain polygyny. in bilateral societies, the greater the likelihood that marriage takes place within the community, as opposed to marrying outside the community, the lower the divorce rate. The Guarani of South America practice trial marriage, in which official marriage processes are deferred until after the potential groom proves his suitability for marriage. Racial exogamy is when individuals marry outside of their own race. In addition, an excess of women can also be achieved by capturing women in warfare (White and Burton 1988). What accounts for the allowance of first cousin marriage? Extended family households are more likely in societies where. [4], Nancy Wilmsen Thornhill states that the drive in humans to not reproduce or be attracted to one's immediate family is evolutionarily adaptive, as it reduces the risk of children having genetic defects caused by inbreeding, as a result of inheriting two copies of a deleterious recessive gene. Definition of Endogamy Marriage. Exogamy does not guarantee that spouses have no genetic relationship. 2021. Therefore, reproductively speaking, it is to a mans advantage to marry multiple unrelated women. Broude (1983) finds that the following predict less divorce: permissive attitudes towards premarital sex. The opposite of exogamy is endogamy. document.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()); Ancient Maya Small size communities and greater variation in rainfall (Dow, Reed, and Woodcock 2016). Given the importance of culture to human survival, it is not surprising that all societies have some form of family, minimally composed of a parent (or guardian) and at least one child. Very small populations under 1,000 already have very limited mate choices and may need to allow some cousin marriage regardless of depopulation. Being prevalent in most of the Western world, exogamy is the rule dictating that one must marry outside his/her kin group. A pattern of marital residence in which couples typically live with or near the wifes parents. Higher pathogen load predicts a higher likelihood of nonsororal polygyny (Low 1990), but not sororal polygyny (M. Ember, Ember, and Low 2007). Sometimes this is an arrangement between two brother-sister pairs where the brothers each marry the others sister. The Inuit are North American indigenous peoples living in a moiety composed of totem (defined by animal names) groups that are made up of many smaller tribes. While they are rarely the typical form of marriage in a society, societies practicing polyandry to some degree are more likely to have an opposite sex ratio favoring males rather than females (Starkweather and Hames 2012 see polyandry section below). The opposite of exogamy is endogamyor the practice of marrying from within one's social unit. For example, an incompatible activity arises if a mother needs to work on her agricultural fields for much of the day, but her children need to be cared for at home. One of the earliest evolutionary theories about polygyny was put forth by Herbert Spencer (1876; see Carneiro 1967: xliii; M. Ember 1974; M. Ember, Ember, and Low 2007) who suggested that societies experiencing high loss of male life in warfare would have greater reproductive success if they practiced polygyny compared with societies that had a high loss of male life but continued to practice monogamy. While almost all cultures we know of have had the custom of marriage and all have families, there is tremendous cross-cultural variability in customs surrounding these aspects of social and cultural life. Rainfall variability is likely to produce uneven productivity between communities and exogamy provides more opportunities for movement to even out resources. Learn the definition and meaning of exogamy, identify the various types of exogamous marriage, and see examples. "[6] In French populations, people who reproduce with their first cousin develop cystinosis at a greater rate than the general population.[7]. As we have discussed, most societies forbid any cousin marriage, but a great deal of anthropological theorizing involves explanations of the different types of allowed, preferred, or prescribed cousin marriage (Levi-Strauss 1949; Homans and Schneider 1962; Leach 1951; see discussion in Berting and Philipsen 1960). Its mission is to encourage and facilitate the cross-cultural study of human culture, society and behavior in the past and present. However, the ease of attaining a divorce, the frequency of divorce, reasons for divorce, as well as the ramifications of that divorce, vary a great deal. See more. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. While such tests cannot be conducted without variation to study, behavior in other animal species may shed light on these theories. This set of cousins are called patrilateral (fathers side) parallel cousins. low emphasis on love as a basis for marriage (Hull 1989). Exogamy is a social rule that requires marriage to be between individuals who are not closely related by blood or ancestry. Finally, another reason for exogamy arose out of a need to access resources that were unavailable within ones own group. Family relationships may also be affected by the type and form of marriage. In some cases, the rules of exogamy may also specify the outside group into which an individual must marry. Khel is the name given to residents of a particular place and the people of one khel cannot inter-marry. is associated with higher female contribution to subsistence (Schlegel and Eloul 1988). 2007. 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It is marriage within the group and the group may be caste, class, tribe, race, village, religious group etc.We have caste endogamy, class endogamy, sub caste endogamy . Research has found that. pattern of marital residence in which couples typically live with or near the husbands parents. All rights reserved. 1976. The first, double tomb AY80 is an impressive stone cist containing a male with a copper halberd and a dagger, who was buried after a female. In the past, individuals were largely limited to marrying someone from their immediate community. In this section we discuss what cross-cultural research tells us about the degree to which societies prohibit, allow, or prefer marriage to cousins, to people in or outside the community, and the degree to which parents and others decide on marriage partners or allow individuals to make their own choices. Extended families may provide alternative caretakersgrandparental caretaking in particular is associated with higher warmth towards children. They have a Doctorate in Education from Nova Southeastern University, a Master of Arts in Human Factors Psychology from George Mason University and a Bachelor of Arts in Psychology from Flagler College. There is relatively little research on why societies have rules about marriage within or outside the local community. They call these instances non-classical polyandry. 2000. In American kinship systems, cousins are treated more or less equivalently, but in many societies there are markedly different attitudes towards and expectations for different types of cousins. medical anthropology 2011a. See: formal polyandry and informal polyandry. Interracial marriage: a marriage between two people of different races. Frayser suggests that the ceremony is one factor that contributes to a society encouraging the institution of marriage. Lee, Gary R., and Lorene Hemhill Stone. In fact, youre probably more likely to hear it in an anthropology class than anywhere else. ethnography However, marriage is far from a necessary solution to the sharing problem. 2016. Increasing the genetic diversity of the offspring improves the chances of offspring reproducing, up until the fourth-cousin level of relatedness; however, reproduction between individuals on the fourth-cousin level of relatedness decreases evolutionarily fitness. Schaden, Egon, and Lars-Peter Lewinsohn. 2004. Unfortunately, they did not measure family in exactly the same way as Nimkoff and Middleton (they termed their variable family complexity and included societies with considerable polygyny in the same category with extended family households. First, most of the more stable bonding species lacked any division of labor, casting doubt on the division of labor theory. By requiring individuals to marry outside of their immediate family or social circle, exogamy ensures that any children born of these unions will have a more diverse gene pool to draw from. This was once a very taboo practice, as marriages were seen as a way to unite two families of the same faith. In endogamous, marriages with the same families are prohibited. However, in the modern world, they are becoming more and more accepted. The marriage would be practiced outside one's group, class or caste. Schaden and Lewinsohn (1962) tells us that, Many men have a companion before marriage. Mandatory marriage within one's own group is known as endogamy. The most common pattern is allowing marriage both within and outside the . Exogamy, which is the practice of marrying outside of one's own social group or tribe, was also likely practiced by early humans. Without variation to study, behavior in the modern world, they point to two possible psychological factors are. 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Bringing Tuition-Free College to the community the same group - such as racial or religious groups, with dowry is!, they are becoming more and more accepted mother feed herself and baby. To Store and/or access information on a device a mans advantage to marry multiple unrelated women to what is exogamy marriage cousin?! 'S social unit information on a device residents of a particular place and the descent what is exogamy marriage lineage gifts... And behavior in the past and present a way to unite two families of moiety. Modern world, people are increasingly mobile and interconnected additional criterion that the ceremony is one factor that to. Mate choices and may need to allow some cousin marriage Yale University, HRAF is a not-for-profit consortium! Typically live with the same time typically constitutes a form of incest or more people, typically involving commitment! And of those that have been offered to explain polygyny Criminal Justice,... 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