noted that such explanations of disease causation are widely found in non-western societies and have perhaps attracted most attention due to their radical departure from those prevailing in Modern Western Societies. This broad category includes five distinct types of natural causes of illness: infection, stress, organic deterioration, accident, and overt human aggression. Am Anthropol. CAS They were very similar to the focus group participants in their demographic characteristics. A. The outlook regarding disease causation has changed considerably with time and advancements in science. In our tradition people believe in qolle spirits (the spirit of individuals) is a guardian from illness and cause of illness. Belief in God or Allah was extremely prevalent in the study communities. Park, K. (n.d.). A deeper understanding of the communitys ill-health beliefs is needed to inform the design and implementation of primary health-care services. The follow-up interviews provided an opportunity to delve more deeply into topics discussed in the focus groups. 125"128. However, others acknowledge that indigenous medicine should be embraced as an important part of health care systems in indigenous communities [35]. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Social, economic and biological factors interact to drive a vicious cycle of poverty and disease from which, for many people, there is no escape." In short, poverty is instrumental in cultivating conditions that allow disease to spread. Three views of disease causation may be identified from the literature. This paper tries to summarise these changing perceptions of disease causation and provide a comprehensive overview. Soc Sci Med. Traditional health care delivery in contemporary Africa. In clinical medicine we are confronted by a patient P with certain complaints, and eventually a diagnosis is reached because the clinical findings suggest that P has a certain disease D.Trying to understand what has happened, we may ask: why did our patient P catch the diseased D? Despite its existence and continued use, indigenous medicinal knowledge as well as education, training and research in the area, have lacked official recognition and support [3]. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Fracastoro's contagion theory of disease (1546) Germ theory: Louis Pasteur , Lister and others introduced the germ theory in 1878. This . Theory of illness causation is an important issue in all biomedical sciences, and solid etiological explanations are needed in order to develop therapeutic approaches in medicine and preventive interventions in public health. 1991;630:212-22. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb19590.x. New York: Africana Publishing Corporation; 1969. p. XXXXI. Galenhad written of the possibility of seeds of disease, a view which suggested a belief in the contagious nature of some diseases. Before For example, if a man cheats on his wife, this could cause illnesses: A person will be healthy when he settles at home, and is not cheating on his wife. However, the germ theory of disease has many limitations. I/C Epidemiology; Centre for Animal Disease Research EMJ. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.; 1970. p. 31527. He died from Parkinson's disease in 2014, aged 85. . Let alone drinking, even when we bath and wash our clothes we are under the suspicion that it will give us skin disease. A qualitative ethnographic method was conducted in Tehuledere Woreda, an administrative unit in the north-east of Ethiopia [14] (see Fig. International Classification of Disease: Revision 9th Clinical Modification. 5th, Millennium edition U.S Department of Health and Human Services; 2000. The health extension workers may be best positioned to identify strategies for integration which may lead to improved health outcomes for the local community and provide guidance regarding how best to use the limited primary health care resources [30]. So if there is no peace at home, there will be no health [Female, Study Community # 4]. Why Covid lab-leak theory is so disputed. Hippocrates; Yellow Bile, Black Bile, Phlegm and Blood Miasma Theory: 500 BC Miasmas are poisonous emanations from putrefying carcasses, vegetables, molds and also the invisible particles. Obot N (2012) Effects of cultural practices on health: The Nigerian experience. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders. The .gov means its official. Beliefs and perception of ill-health causation: a socio-cultural qualitative study in rural North-Eastern Ethiopia, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Development of understanding in Pathogenesis A settled man lives in peace and prevents himself from syphilis and gonorrhoea. . They also talked about how eating spoiled food or inappropriate foods led to illness such as getting diarrhea from consuming raw sorghum (Tinkish), or Kolo (roasted sorghum). The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Most participants were Muslims (n=92) and the rest were Ethiopian Orthodox Christians. All focus group discussions and interviews were conducted, audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim in Amharic. However, the capacity to execute and give expanded resources to support the sustainable utilization of indigenous medicine and implement health strategies that take into account indigenous ill-health beliefs is constrained. A successful integrated primary health care strategy should include strategies for supporting patients needs in all three of these domains. . 1983. p. 155. Witchcraft Beliefs In Diseases Causation And Health - Seeking Behaviour In Pregnancy Of Women In Calabar South - Nigeria. There are an estimated 100 million malaria cases with over 300,000 deaths per year in Nigeria. The five study communities, selected were: Gobeya, Godguadit, Bededo, Jari and Muti-Belg. He worked as a Lecturer at St. Xaviers College, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal, from Feb 2015 to June 2019. Tehuledere was selected for the study because of the rich and unique indigenous medicinal beliefs, and practices in the area. statement and J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. Too often, indigenous medicine is criticized as harmful traditions as if it was a threat to human health. An official website of the United States government. Some believe that the soul goes out from the body and wanders, a phenomenon known as Bangungot, or that having nightmares after a heavy meal may result in death. Stress from family dynamics or lack of social support from families were also identified as being potential causes of illness: if I dont discuss good things with my husband and kids, if were unhappy, there will be neither peace nor health in the family [Female, Study Community # 1]. We gather as a community (in a mosque) and discuss how we make such people stop going out at those times. Exploring the rigging claims in Nigeria's . More than half (n=53) reported that they were illiterate, i.e., didnt read and write Amharic. Webs of Causation: Epidemiological concept. Many respondents identified lying as a cause of ill-health. It states thatmicroorganismsknown aspathogensor germs can lead to disease. New York: Wiley; 1978. Epub 2015 Feb 10. The sample consisted of 21 participants, 11 females aged 19-61 years (Median 44 years) and 10 males aged 22-65 years (Median 52 years). 2022 Apr;13(2):183-191. doi: 10.1007/s12687-021-00543-2. Accordingly, people used to please the gods by prayers and offerings or used to resort to witchcraft to tame the devils. In addition, all participants who participated in the focus groups and interviews gave informed consent either in writing or verbally (for those who were illiterate) after they were provided information about the nature of the study, and assurances that specific comments would not be attributed to specific participants. GERM THEORY Germ theory: Microbes (germs) were found to be the cause for many known diseases. FOIA Firstly, the organic or physical cause of the sickness has to be established by careful examination and questioning by the medicine man. Many authors have described cultures in which illness is believed to be caused by supernatural forces including witchcraft, sorcery, breaching taboos and disease-causing spirits (e.g., [2225]). According to Fracastoro, germs spread through populations, making many people sick . Seven common Filipino cultural beliefs are presented in this paper namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. This dichotomy was a key sensitizing concept that guided the design of this study. The characteristics of people who share a common and distinctive racial, national, religious, linguistic, or cultural heritage. Nigeria | 80 views, 8 likes, 0 loves, 1 comments, 2 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Catalyst Specialist Health Consult CSHC: Various Cultural theories of Disease causation in Nigeria If Allah wants you to stay healthy, you stay healthy. Exploring the rigging claims in Nigeria's elections Meadows LM, Morse JM. Poverty in general was identified as leading to poor health: If a person has a low income, then he would be weak. Health education and care solutions found to be effective in one system may not work as well in other settings [32]; however, some of the lessons learned from this study may be applicable to other cultural contexts with similar beliefs. In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planningprevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. 2023 The Biology Notes. Click here to review the details. Google Scholar. In 1873, Pasteur advanced the germ theory of disease. Human supernatural agents, such as Sihir or Woliy, Qallicha, Abagar and Debtera, are believed by the Tehuledere people to be an embodiment of higher spirits capable of casting a spell resulting in ill health. 1990;28:6372. This theory led to explanation of several outbreaks of cholera, plague and malaria (Mal-aria= bad air). Positive correlation is when you observe A increasing and B increases as well. 2011; 26 (4):275-278. doi: 10.5001 . Environmental sanitation is one key cause of illnesses that was recognized by all participants: The water around the lake has altered its nature. Even when a pathogen is the principal cause of a disease, environmental and hereditary factors often influence the severity of the disease, and whether a potential host individual becomes infected when exposed to the pathogen. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Download Free PDF Oman Med J. He would not be able to have enough food, this affects his healthWeve become subject to Ke ijje Wode Afe Nuro (hand-to-mouth livelihood) [Male, Study Community # 3]. Focus groups and interviews continued until the data in the key emerging themes were saturated (i.e., key points were repeated and no significant new information was emerging) [16, 17]. He attended St. Xaviers College, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal, to complete his Master of Science in Microbiology. Sanders Thompson VL, Johnson-Jennings M, Baumann AA, Proctor E. Use of culturally focused theoretical frameworks for adapting diabetes prevention programs: a qualitative review. We've updated our privacy policy. Erickson fills this gap by clearly explaining the basic organizing principles that underlie all medical systems, the full range of theories of disease causation, the geographical distribution of medical practices, and the historical trends that led to biomedical dominance. (DOCX 17 kb). For the study communities, a culture of social trust was central to their identity, and they believed this was directly connected to the health of the body. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y. It involves praising and glorifying the sky-god and seeking his spiritual assistance to ward off evil. Second, it offered a new biological specificity for the class of diseases that had been the most significant historically. As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. For example, the research findings were shared with research participants and the local research assistants who confirmed the interpretations accurately reflected their perceptions and experiences. The miasma theory was the predominant theory of disease transmission before the germ theory took hold towards the end of the 19th century, and it is no longer accepted as a scientific theory of disease. Five rural communities (one from each of the five Kebeles) were included in the study. Ali A. Because if he lies and then touches the Rekebot, he will have skin disease; his child or cattle will die [Male, Study Community # 2]. Epub 2022 Apr 6. Our study provides an excellent example of why health education and primary health care delivery interventions need to take into account what people actually do and the beliefs that drive their actions. Development over the centuries of Human Civilization concepts of disease causation remained transforming and still not reached the perfection. The theory posited that diseases were the product of environmental factors such as contaminated water, foul air, and poor hygienic conditions. Wadaja lately assumed a much more modified and purposive role of combating the zar, buda or other supposedly spirit afflicted illnesses [Male, Study Community # 2]. Traditional healing and primary care: a socio-cultural study in a rural Tehuledere community, North-Eastern Ethiopia. These conditions were often attributed to a curse and are referred to as Bezer Yemitelalef (genetically acquired disease). Published 1 October 1921. The accessibility and geographic distribution of the five Tehuledere sub-districts (ketena) around the urban center provided the primary basis for selecting the study communities. In addition to supernatural and natural elements, the data presented here suggest that social causes of illnesses need to be added to fully explain the perceptions of the study participants. Dime (1995:30-31) argues that the diagnosis of diseases in an African traditional healing system is a twofold event. 1983;17(16):120511. Cookies policy. TeleFax +91-581-2302188. (3) ecosocial theory and related multi-level frameworks. Kickbush I. In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planning prevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science. These two ideas were fully appreciated . Familial ectrodactyly syndrome in a Nigerian child: a case report. Would you like email updates of new search results? As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. Understanding the study communities perceptions of illness causation and ways of preventing diseases is very important in designing good health promotion and disease prevention strategies [28, 29]. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. At home, we spread grass on the floor, we chew Khat in the name of Abduye, Kedir or Nura Hussien [the gods for Wednesday, Saturday and Tuesday respectively] to get the Melayka (angel) into our homes, to get the Wukabe[nature-spirit] close to us, to be heard by the gods. 2005;60:50113. Anthropological approaches to the study of ethnomedicine. Antibiotic alternatives in veterinary therapeutics. In addition, the focus groups and interviews were supplemented by 5months of extensive field work which allowed the communities ample time to get to know (and become used to) the researchers. The narratives of health among Tehuledere communities include three major themes that explained causes of ill-health: (i) supernatural (ii) natural elements or physical causes: (iii) social elements such as mistrust, social support/family dynamics as well as violation of taboos and moral injunctions. A world survey. There were a number of different forces in this category including: Almighty God/Allah or Egziabher, the nature spirits (e.g., qolle or quteb, wuqabi, awlia, zar and jinn), and human supernatural agents such as sihir, Buda/witch, Abagar and Rekebot. Young A. Article The outlook regarding disease causation haschanged considerably with time and advancements in science. Perhaps one of the more interesting findings of this study was that health is also perceived to be related to peace, happiness, social connections and social support. power point presentation, Epidemiology and preventive veterinary medicine.docx1, Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, University of Amsterdam and University College London, Herbal Antimicrobials to Counter AMR.pptx. Germ theory was first clearly stated by an Italian physician named Girolamo Fracastoro in the mid-1500s. In contrast a stable home and family was seen as an important contributor to health. However the outcomes from this study may not be representative of the encounters of perception of illness causation of other ethnic backgrounds. The discoveries of Pasteur and Koch confirmed the germ theory of disease. In: Nichter M, editor. The germ theory of disease came to the forefront, supplanting the earlier theories of disease causation. Cultural beliefs on disease causation in the Philippines: challenge and implications in genetic counseling. Correspondence to If we see someone leave home at the wrong time, we say he is going to bring affliction [Male, Study Community # 4]. Participatory observation, over a total of 5months during the span of one year, was supplemented by focus group discussions (n=96 participants in 10 groups) and in-depth interviews (n=20) conducted with key informants. These are the things that make up its constitution and cause its pains and health. Theory of web of causation was given by Mc Mohan and Pugh. Bareilly, UP, India. 2005;83(1):7. The study communities rejoiced in their culture of eating together and sharing with those in need. government site. The study communities also associated ill-health with social elements. New York: Oxford University press; 2012. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. The focus groups lasted 1.52 h and were moderated by MHK, who has training in advanced qualitative research methods. In other words, the spirits supposedly reside in some human beings and rituals and/or prayers need to be performed to withdraw the evil spirits impacting ordinary people through these human agents. Careers. 4. 2nd ed. In epidemiology the accepted model of disease causation requires the precise interaction of factors, mostly natural and behavioral, and conditions before a disease will occur [21]. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help January 29, 2022 by Sagar Aryal The germ theory of disease is the currently accepted scientific theory for many diseases. However, it is important to define illness and disease differently when considering some non-western cultural traditions. Qolle spirits were also described as guardians who exact tributes in return for physical and emotional security (including health) and who deal out punishments for failure to recognize the spirits: I believe in qolle spirits or adbars. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Like all research, out study has both strengths and limitations. The majority of participants in the study stated that the human body may malfunction due to old age or due to injuries sustained from accidents. The absence of peace and happiness that comes from families fighting, and from them being not supportive of one another were all aspects that were viewed by the women participants as being key contributors to illnesses. The sample was diverse in terms of age and sex and agro-ecological condition of the setting. , the organic or physical cause of illnesses that was recognized by all participants: the water the... 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