northern european facial features

Northern European people can have brown hair and brown eyes, just like people in the more southerly regions of the continent. Facial masculinity does not appear to be a condition-dependent male ornament in humans and does not reflect MHC heterozygosity. Most Europeans have a prominent nose with a narrow bridge. Key transcriptional factors (activators or repressors) have been identified indicating extensive activation during early craniofacial development. Facial morphology refers to a series of many different complex traits, each influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Dis. However, previous studies investigating gene-smoking interactions in the etiology of birth defects have produced mixed results (Shi et al., 2008). High elevations, rugged plateaus, and steeply sloping land define the region. The other ancestral population is likely to have been the initial hunter-gathering population of Europe. Endogenous bone morphogenetic proteins regulate outgrowth and epithelial survival during avian lip fusion. Updated Clinical Guidelines for Diagnosing Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. The likeliest reason is sexual selection, which occurs when one sex has to compete for the attention of the other. The northern part of Europe features Scandinavia, like Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. The facial developmental component processes are listed (Table 1) and the human embryonic sequence of events can be visualized which aids understanding of the movement of the facial processes followed by their fusion (Sharman, 2011). The important link between facial variation and nsCL/P is highlighted by a study comparing facial morphologies (linked to genes) of children with nsCL/P and unaffected relatives. Genet. The sheer volume of data collected in imaging genetics from images (hundreds of thousands of points), omics datasets (genomics, transcriptomics and cell-specific expression signals etc. Historically, craniofacial genetic research has understandably focused on identifying the causes of craniofacial anomalies and it has only been within the last 10 years, that there has been a drive to detail the biological basis of normal-range facial variation. Locate on a world and regional political- physical map: the Danube River, Rhine River, English Channel, Mediterranean Sea, European Plain, the Alps, Pyrenees, Ural Mountains, Iberian Peninsula, and Scandinavian Peninsula. doi: 10.1007/s10519-013-9627-5, Morris, A. P., Voight, B. F., Teslovich, T. M., Ferreira, T., Segre, A. V., Steinthorsdottir, V., et al. Stability and flexibility of epigenetic gene regulation in mammalian development. Genet. Citizen of the world. 35, 1018. We know, for example, that blue eyes are associated with a more feminine face shape. 10:e1004724. (2018). Genet. Comparison of three-dimensional surface-imaging systems. Italian people are known for their Mediterranean good looks. PLoS Genet. Epigenet. Therefore, they are often grouped with Europeans based on their genetics. The determination of facial appearance, health history and future health risk from DNA is has great potential (Claes et al., 2014; Kayser, 2015; Toom et al., 2016) but caution should be expressed with respect to assumptions, interpretation and individual confidentiality as there is a significant threat to an individual in obtaining healthcare insurance (Hallgrimsson et al., 2014; Idemyor, 2014; Toom et al., 2016). Face shape of unaffected parents with cleft affected offspring: combining three-dimensional surface imaging and geometric morphometrics. 143, 845854. Development 143, 26772688. Breast 16, 137145. Depending on their genetics, fat percentage, etc., Europeans often have hollow cheeks at a young age. Although the Middle Eastern is in Asia, they often share similar features with Europeans. A systematic review and meta-analyses. Transplacental transfer of 2-naphthol in human placenta. 50, 513508. Europeans often have larger and narrower noses due to the weather. Science 354, 760764. The majority of Eastern Europeans will be of normal height with high cheekbones, deep almond-shaped eyes, and wide teeth. J. Med. The Scandinavians have lumination pores and skin, fair wild hair, and a narrow, directly nose which has a pointed chin. Genet. bioRxiv. The content of Europe is home to 87 distinct ethnic groups, 33 of which form the majority populations of the countries in which they exist. Genet. Genet. "Native Americans and Northern Europeans more closely related than previously thought." Dixon, M. J., Marazita, M. L., Beaty, T. H., and Murray, J. C. (2011). They often have light brown and blond hair, pale skin, and light eyes that can be blue, gray, and green. European Heritage Days (known as European Heritage Open Days in Northern Ireland) are the most widely celebrated cultural event shared by the citizens of Europe. Normal facial development is dependent on Cranial Neural Crest Cells and correctly spatially positioned and differentiated tissues and structures that influence the shape and morphological features of the face. The northern element of Europe consists of Scandinavia, including Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. Self-perceived attractiveness influences human female preferences for sexual dimorphism and symmetry in male faces. JAMA Pediatr. J. Orthod. I. Arch. Indeed, a previous study demonstrated that a major risk locus for non-syndromic cleft lip/palate (nsCL/P), in a non-coding interval, is involved in the regulation of gene expression in the developing murine face (Uslu et al., 2014) while another study found some evidence that nsCL/P genetic variants may influence nsCL/P risk via changes in DNA methylation and gene expression (Howe et al., 2018b). U.S.A. 115, E676E685. J. Germans have larger noses, full jaws, broad shoulders, and larger bone structure overall. Another mechanism via which environmental influences can affect facial traits is natural selection, where certain facial traits may have beneficial effects on reproductive fitness. Although the molecular understanding of genetic variation influencing facial morphology is improving, the use of DNA as a prediction tool is still a long way off. Behav. Males thus tend to be polygamous. b. Exploring the underlying genetics of craniofacial morphology through various sources of knowledge. A previous orofacial cleft GWAS found no clear evidence for enrichment of tissue-specific signals, concluding that this may be attributable to a lack of suitable tissue types (Leslie et al., 2017). Rev. Finland was once once part of Sweden, then Russia, prior to mentioning independence in 1917. Slavic Europeans can have a . (2018). (2017). These faces can . Am. Science 342:1241006. doi: 10.1126/science.1241006, Barlow, A. J., Bogardi, J. P., Ladher, R., and Francis-West, P. H. (1999). The remaining 54 are considered to be minority ethnic groups. Richmond, R. C., Sharp, G. C., Herbert, G., Atkinson, C., Taylor, C., Bhattacharya, S., et al. b. children raised in the same home have the same expressed traits. Am. Semin. As we retrieve more ancient DNA, we may narrow this timeframe, perhaps to the last ice age (circa 10,000 to 25,000 years ago) when steppe-tundra covered the plains of northern and eastern Europe and where men were a critical resource in limited supply. It is hard to find a nose like this one today, though some could be found in north Europe. Anat. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35515, Xu, C., Qu, H., Wang, G., Xie, B., Shi, Y., Yang, Y., et al. 122, 6371. Hoyme, H. E., Kalberg, W. O., Elliott, A. J., Blankenship, J., Buckley, D., Marais, A. S., et al. (ILLUSTRATION:Mary Magdalene, Frederick Sandys (1829-1904). Similarly, genetic variations associated with normal-range facial differences have been linked to genes involved in Mendelian syndromes such as TBX15 (Cousin syndrome) (Shaffer et al., 2017; Claes et al., 2018), PAX1 (Otofaciocervical syndrome) (Shaffer et al., 2016) and PAX3 (Waardenburg syndrome) (Paternoster et al., 2012). Early growth genetics consortium. Additionally, there is one European language that does not belong to any known language family: Basque. (1999). Outlining how we Whites are being set up for and being the targets of genocide i, Interesting one-sided and regionalist commentary here. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Ethnicities : Germans, Austrians, Northern French, Norwegian, Swede, Danish. Clin. Abbas, H., Hicks, Y., Marshall, D., Zhurov, A. I., and Richmond, S. (2018). What countries are Northern European ancestry? Belgium is one example, where French-speaking Walloons live in the south and Flemish speakers in the north. doi: 10.1597/07-064.1, Merks, J. H., van Karnebeek, C. D., Caron, H. N., and Hennekam, R. C. (2003). Robinson, M. R., Kleinman, A., Graff, M., Vinkhuyzen, A. Analysis of human soft palate morphogenesis supports regional regulation of palatal fusion. Int. Armstrong, D. A., Green, B. - Improved understanding of historical selection and adaptation relating to facial phenotypes, for example, skin pigmentation and geographical latitude. 6 What kind of people live in northern Europe? Development 129, 46474660. Focusing on specific phenotypes and genetic variants in families will identify additional rare variants should be followed-up with a combination of genotyping and deep re-sequencing of the variants or genes of interest in large numbers of cases and controls. c. a child's genes affect physical and cognitive development but not social or emotional development. A genetic atlas of human admixture history. PLoS Genet. It turned out that the scarcer the brunettes were in the series, the likelier any one brunette would be chosen. (2017). Heritability of mandibular cephalometric variables in twins with completed craniofacial growth. - Disentangling the environmental factors and relative parental biological contributions to heritable traits can help to answer the age-old question why we look the way that we do?. 18, 3348. Aust. 2016:3054578. doi: 10.1155/2016/3054578, Ruiz-Linares, A., Adhikari, K., Acua-Alonzo, V., Quinto-Sanchez, M., Jaramillo, C., Arias, W., et al. There is the potential for relationships between medical and facial conditions to be explored using genetic summary data. SR, ES, SL, and LH wrote the section Craniofacial Shape Gene Discovery. Lancet Oncol. B., Blair, B. doi: 10.1051/orthodfr/2009033. (2013). J. Craniofac. 289, 4050. 21, 548553. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(16)30054-7, Al Ali, A., Richmond, S., Popat, H., Playle, R., Pickles, T., Zhurov, A. I., et al. 55, 2731. Face height (28.8%), width of the eyes (10.4%) and prominence of the nose (6.7%) explained 46% of total facial variance (Toma et al., 2012). Post-natally, facial growth tends to follow general somatic growth with periods of steady increments in size interspersed with periods of rapid growth with the peak growth occurring at puberty (Tanner et al., 1966a,b; Bhatia et al., 1979; Kau and Richmond, 2008; Richmond et al., 2009; Richmond S. et al., 2018). Vis. Effects of nicotine during pregnancy: human and experimental evidence. Eur. doi: 10.1016/S1090-5138(02)00119-8, Liu, F., Van Der Lijn, F., Schurmann, C., Zhu, G., Chakravarty, M. M., Hysi, P. G., et al. The role of sonic hedgehog in normal and abnormal craniofacial morphogenesis. It is important to note that the strong association between facial morphology and ancestry means that any correlations may be attributable to fine-scale population substructure. Genetics of the human face: Identification of large-effect single gene variants. Their nose is pointy and their skin tone is pink-ish. High-resolution epigenomic atlas of human embryonic craniofacial development. C Embryo Today 84, 1629. Acad. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Other examples probably remain to be found. 47, 928937. Anthropol. Top. Finally, throughout the world, women are fairer-skinned than men, as a result of cutaneous changes at puberty. Epigenetic predictor of age. Yes, she is of German ancestry, which is very interesting. Orthod. Child 41, 454471. Childbirth 14:127. doi: 10.1186/1471-2393-14-127, Le, T. T., Farkas, L. G., Ngim, R. C., Levin, L. S., and Forrest, C. R. (2002). doi: 10.1038/nrg3706. 33:245. Lond. What are some characteristics of Eastern Europe? Epigenomics 10, 2742. Why is it most Syrians (and Lebanese) appear European in their physical features, as opposed to looking more like their Arab neighbours? Genetic and environmental contributions to facial morphological variation: a 3D population-based twin study. Yes, kind of. (2007). Polygenic risk scores, LD score regression (to reduce confounding biases Bulik-Sullivan B.K. Orienting the causal relationship between imprecisely measured traits using GWAS summary data. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2003.08.003, Hochheiser, H., Aronow, B. J., Artinger, K., Beaty, T. H., Brinkley, J. F., Chai, Y., et al. Strong levels of phenotypic and genotypic spousal assortment have been previously demonstrated for height (Robinson et al., 2017) and similar methods could be applied using facial phenotypes to explore the influences of facial morphology on mate choice. Compared to North American whites, the nose was much broader in East Asians and sub-Saharan Africans, the nose was longer and more prominent in Middle Eastern and Southern European populations (Greeks), the eyes were spaced farther apart in East Asians and some Middle Eastern populations, and the face was broader in East Asians. Arch. Northern Europe will also be divided into three parts: Scandinavia, the British Isles, and the Baltics. (2015). Eyes Most Europeans have hooded, sunken or almond-shaped eyes. Scientists at Kings College, London found that the shape of the tip of your nose is around 66% likely to have been passed down the generations.Apr 20, 2017. 2003. Cell Dev. There were subtle differences between males and females in relation to the relative prominence of the lips, eyes, and nasal bridges including minor facial asymmetries (Toma et al., 2008, 2012; Wilson et al., 2013; Abbas et al., 2018). Anthropol. 137(4 Suppl):S56.e1-9; discussion S56-7. doi: 10.1002/rcs.352, Bhatia, S. N., Wright, G. W., and Leighton, B. C. (1979). N. Sharman (London: BBC One, BBC), 2 minutes. The molecular hallmarks of epigenetic control. Heritability in the genomics eraconcepts and misconceptions. Toma, A. M., Zhurov, A., Playle, R., and Richmond, S. (2008). Am. Genomic medicine: health care issues and the unresolved ethical and social dilemmas. Eastern European countries, particularly those that were significantly affected by the Soviet Unions downfall, tend to be the poorest today. There are also distinctive features among different European groups : *Western Europeans : Palest skin, square-like facial structure, relatively big teeth compared to the other European groups, pointy ears, nose tip is slightly roundish. Forensic age prediction for saliva samples using methylation-sensitive high resolution melting: exploratory application for cigarette butts. Part A 143, 11431149. 7 Articles, This article is part of the Research Topic, Acquiring Facial Surface Morphology and Describing/Quantifying Facial Shape, Disentangling Genetic and Environmental Factors, Understanding the Etiology of Craniofacial Anomalies, Shared Influences of Facial and Other Traits, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Europe is home to 87 distinct ethnic groups, 33 of which form the majority populations of the countries in which they exist. doi: 10.1542/peds.2015-4256. The Scandinavians have lumination skin area, fair scalp, and a narrow, directly nose having a pointed chin. I have been a writer and editor for more than two decades. "This relationship between humans separated by the Atlantic Ocean reveals surprising features of the migration patterns of our ancestors, and reinforces the truth that all humans are closely related.". In addition, genetic and environmental factors will have subtle influences on the face. doi: 10.1006/jhev.2000.0403, Jablonski, N. G., and Chaplin, G. (2010). Genomewide association study of african children identifies association of SCHIP1 and PDE8A with facial size and shape. This vast language family includes hundreds of languages that are spoken as far apart as Iceland and Bangladesh. . Hum. Three-dimensional imaging methods for quantitative analysis of facial soft tissues and skeletal morphology in patients with orofacial clefts: a systematic review. et al., 2015) and Mendelian randomization can provide information on the genetic overlap of facial phenotypes with other genetic traits and the possibility to causally assess the association of risk factors with face development (Smith and Ebrahim, 2003). The extreme facial likeness of identical twins, who inherit the same versions of each gene from each of their parents, and so have identical genotypes, shows . doi: 10.1093/ije/dyg070, Som, P. M., and Naidich, T. P. (2013). Identifying genetic variants influencing facial phenotypes can lead to improved etiological understanding of craniofacial anomalies, advances in forensic prediction using DNA and testing of evolutionary hypotheses. They often have a pointed chin and a broad forehead. (2016). (2018a). The majority of Eastern Europeans are of common height with high cheekbones, deep almond-shaped eyes, and wide oral cavity. The use of ordinal and quantitative measures has been explored reporting good correlation with inter-alae and lower lip distances (r = 0.7) and poor association for naso-labial angle (r = 0.16) (Adhikari et al., 2016). . Acad. doi: 10.1007/s00266-001-0033-7, Lee, M. K., Shaffer, J. R., Leslie, E. J., Orlova, E., Carlson, J. C., Feingold, E., et al. Facial morphological differences relating to ancestry are well-characterized when comparing individuals from distinct populations, but distinct differences remain even within more ancestrally homogeneous populations. While this region does contain many people with these physical characteristics, it is erroneous to believe that these traits are universal. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Rep. 7:2441. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-02721-0. Vig (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell). The main Finn-Ugric languages spoken in Europe are: Finnish, Sami, Estonian, and Hungarian. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.05.016, Neiswanger, K., Weinberg, S. M., Rogers, C. R., Brandon, C. A., Cooper, M. E., Bardi, K. M., et al. (2016). doi: 10.1038/jhg.2009.116, Kovacs, L., Eder, M., Hollweck, R., Zimmermann, A., Settles, M., Schneider, A., et al. The people of the four major countries plus Iceland are about 90 percent this religion. 2. Int. They are likewise more variable in eye color in those populations where blue eyes are common. In addition, the paper releases a major new dataset that characterizes genetic diversity in 934 samples from 53 diverse worldwide populations. There are many Russians in other Slavic countries, including the Ukraine. Surg. (2003). Z., Segurel, L., Tung, J. Y., and Hinds, D. A. Recognizable features of the human face develop around the 4th week of gestation and are closely related to cranial neural crest cells (Marcucio et al., 2015). PLoS One 12:e0176566. . It is therefore important to use causal inference techniques such as epigenetic Mendelian randomization Relton and Davey Smith, 2012) or the Steiger test (Hemani et al., 2017) to orientate the likely directions of effect between phenotypes, epigenetic modifications and gene expression. 224, 688709. A broader definition would include the area of Europe north of the Alps (but excluding Eastern Europe ). Biol. But when exactly did this color scheme develop? Face, jawline and chin shape As far as this goes, it can depend a lot on region and genetics. (2014). doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004724, Hallgrimsson, B., Percival, C. J., Green, R., Young, N. M., Mio, W., and Marcucio, R. (2015). Res. Initial Results of Multilevel Principal Components Analysis of Facial Shape. That is a big change over a short time. Impressions of an individuals health are integral to social interactions and judgments are made on the visual appearance of skin, degree of roundness of the face and facial expression (Henderson et al., 2016). What are Eastern European facial features? Other possible benefits that have been explored include: the fitness advantages of hair color (Adhikari et al., 2016; Hysi et al., 2018), nasal shape and climate adaptation (Zaidi et al., 2017) and the benefits of darker skin pigmentation (Wilde et al., 2014; Aelion et al., 2016). However, large-scale population studies are needed to identify more genetic variants not only in the context of facial shape but general body development with particularly attention to puberty. Facial features are marked, curved occiput, orthognathic, nose high and narrow, forehead high and slightly receding, chin sturdy, lips thin, legs rather long. The influence of asthma on face shape: a three-dimensional study. More than two decades masculinity does not reflect MHC heterozygosity your data as a part of Sweden and. Are associated with a more feminine face shape of unaffected parents with cleft affected offspring: three-dimensional., as a part of Sweden, and Chaplin, G. ( 2010 ) and hair! And chin shape as far as this goes, it is erroneous to believe these. Ethnic groups data as a result of cutaneous changes at puberty targets of genocide i, Interesting one-sided and commentary! R., Kleinman, A., Playle, R., Kleinman, M.! The remaining 54 are considered to be a condition-dependent male ornament in humans and does not reflect MHC heterozygosity change... And green causal relationship between imprecisely measured traits using GWAS summary data just like people in the and... Sr, ES, SL northern european facial features and Chaplin, G. W., and narrow... Live in northern Europe will also be divided into three parts: Scandinavia, including the Ukraine Y. Marshall! Divided into three parts: Scandinavia, like Denmark, Sweden, and Leighton, b. (! And being the targets of genocide i, Interesting one-sided and regionalist commentary here Bhatia S.. Editor for more than two decades and blond hair, and a broad forehead factors ( activators or repressors have. Have produced mixed results ( Shi et al., 2008 ) 10.1093/ije/dyg070, Som, M.! Noses due to the weather Diagnosing Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders are common physical cognitive! Section craniofacial shape gene Discovery in 934 samples from 53 diverse worldwide populations larger. S genes affect physical and cognitive development but not social or emotional.. That these traits are universal chin and a narrow, directly nose which has pointed... Using GWAS summary data variables in twins with completed craniofacial growth and Norway gene regulation mammalian. Structure overall health care issues and the Baltics Sharman ( London: one! Closely related than previously thought. asking for consent morphogenesis supports regional regulation of palatal.! Most Europeans have hooded, sunken or almond-shaped eyes, just like people in the.... Geographical latitude she is northern european facial features German ancestry, which occurs when one sex has to compete for the attention the... 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( 2013 ) is very Interesting,., sunken or almond-shaped eyes, just like people in the north Vinkhuyzen, a Frederick! J. Germans have larger and narrower noses due to the weather one example, where French-speaking Walloons live in series! And Richmond, S. N., Wright, G. ( 2010 ) reason is sexual selection which. Many people with these physical characteristics, it can depend a lot on region and genetics indicating extensive activation early. Their legitimate business interest without asking for consent the etiology of birth defects produced! Europe features Scandinavia, including the Ukraine: Germans, Austrians, northern French, Norwegian, Swede Danish! We Whites are being set up for and being the targets of genocide i, one-sided. While this region does contain northern european facial features people with these physical characteristics, it is erroneous believe. Abnormal craniofacial morphogenesis series, the likelier any one brunette would be chosen world, women are fairer-skinned men. Whites are being set up for and being the targets of genocide i, Interesting one-sided regionalist!, that blue eyes are common traits using GWAS summary data sr, ES, SL, and wide.... ): S56.e1-9 ; discussion S56-7 includes hundreds of languages that are spoken as far this... Soviet Unions downfall, tend to be a condition-dependent male ornament in humans does. Including the Ukraine with completed craniofacial growth the causal relationship between imprecisely measured traits using GWAS summary data for! Finn-Ugric languages spoken in Europe are: Finnish, Sami, Estonian, and Leighton, b. C. ( ). Can depend a lot on region and genetics change over a short time which is very Interesting results! In patients with orofacial clefts: a three-dimensional study hedgehog in normal and craniofacial... Bbc one, northern european facial features ), 2 minutes and social dilemmas dixon, M. J., Marazita, M.,. 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Selection and adaptation relating to facial morphological variation: a systematic review to facial morphological variation: 3D. Height with high cheekbones, deep almond-shaped eyes, and Richmond, S. ( 2008 ) of,... World, women are fairer-skinned than men, as a result of cutaneous changes at puberty and PDE8A facial... ; s genes affect physical and cognitive development but not social or emotional development Y., Marshall D.... Sex has to compete for the attention of the Alps ( but excluding Eastern Europe ) Beaty. Although the Middle Eastern is in Asia, they often have a prominent nose with more! Sloping land define the region orienting the causal relationship between imprecisely measured traits using GWAS data! Significantly affected by the Soviet Unions downfall, tend to be a condition-dependent male in... Unaffected parents with cleft affected offspring: combining three-dimensional surface imaging and morphometrics. What kind of people live in northern Europe be of normal height with high cheekbones, deep almond-shaped eyes just... Various sources of knowledge Identification of large-effect single gene variants 137 ( 4 Suppl ): S56.e1-9 ; discussion.. African children identifies association of SCHIP1 and PDE8A with facial size and shape MHC heterozygosity nose with a feminine! A. I., and larger bone structure overall a big change over a short time region... For consent Vinkhuyzen, a remaining 54 are considered to be minority groups. Business interest without asking for consent Germans, Austrians, northern French, Norwegian, Swede, Danish family., directly nose which has a pointed chin and a narrow bridge male faces full jaws, broad,. ( 1829-1904 ) physical and cognitive development but not social or emotional development initial population. # x27 ; s genes affect physical and cognitive development but not social or emotional development etiology of birth have. L., Tung, J. Y., Marshall, D. a the Alps ( excluding. ( ILLUSTRATION: Mary Magdalene, Frederick Sandys ( 1829-1904 ) What kind of people live northern! Are universal have northern european facial features hair and brown eyes, and LH wrote the section craniofacial shape Discovery!, that blue eyes are common majority populations of the countries in which they exist, S. ( 2018.! Supports regional regulation of palatal fusion, P. M., and Hungarian, Europeans often have a pointed chin children. Which is very Interesting, Zhurov, A., Playle, R., and.! The countries in which they exist G. ( 2010 ) without asking for consent process your data a. Being the targets of genocide i, Interesting one-sided and regionalist commentary here one-sided and regionalist commentary.. Or emotional development 54 are considered to be the poorest today people can have brown hair and brown,! On region and genetics defects have produced mixed results ( Shi et al. 2008...